Table for diabetics grain units is an important component that helps control blood glucose levels. All diabetics with insulin-dependent type 1 disease (T1DM) are familiar with the concept of Bread Unit (BU). Patients with type 2 diabetes - those who have developed insulin resistance - are also familiar with XE tables, since when severe course illness or during an infectious disease, there is a need for “maintenance” injections of insulin hormone.

The information, pictures, photos, table of bread units for diabetics and video in this article are primarily intended for parents of children 5-14 years old who have been diagnosed with diabetes in an insulin-dependent form, ICD10 code - E10. It is at this age that pathology makes its debut, and the explanations given by the doctor, due to various reasons, it is either not enough, or they are simply not remembered. However, calculating grain units requires responsibility, since the price of incorrect calculations is development.

The synthesis of insulin hormone by beta cells of the pancreas is impaired. Insulin is a transport hormone that helps glucose, the final substance of processed carbohydrates, penetrate into muscle cells body.

As a result of underproduction or complete absence insulin, blood glucose levels rise, and the body is poisoned. With hyperglycemia, coma develops, and with persistently moderate levels, gradual damage occurs. cardiovascular system, vision, kidneys, brain.

The main condition for diabetes therapy is control of blood glucose levels. Its level can be normalized to normal in type 1 diabetes by limiting the consumption of carbohydrate-containing foods and by administering insulin.

What is a bread unit for diabetes?

Bread Unit is an approximate conventional quantitative value that evaluates the carbohydrate content of food products. One 20 g piece of white was taken as a standard for one XE wheat bread. Today count as grain units at diabetes mellitus, taken 1 XE is 10 g of “pure” or 13 g of carbohydrates in products containing dietary fiber.

Bread Unit for diabetes helps:

• plan to standardize the permissible carbohydrate content in one main meal or snack, as well as in the daily menu as a whole;
• depending on the amount of carbohydrates eaten, calculate the required dose of insulin to repay their excess.

Just a note. In patients with type 2 diabetes, insulin is produced in required quantities, but tissue cells lose sensitivity to insulin. It is useless for them to inject insulin, so sugar-burning medications are prescribed to neutralize glucose. The exceptions are long-term type 2 diabetics who have experienced beta cell depletion, and cases of any diabetic with type 2 diabetes infectious disease, inevitably accompanied by a decrease in insulin secretion.

XE system

Currently, in different countries, for calculating carbohydrate intake for the purpose of their further adjustment, are used different systems. Russia has adopted the Bread Unit System.

It has the following number of advantages:

• As you master counting skills, you don’t have to weigh food;
• quickly navigate the amount of XE eaten outside the home;
• count XE only in products and dishes made from milk and grains, as well as potatoes, corn and fruits;
• the amount of food is measured not in grams or milliliters, but using spoons, plates, glasses.

It's very simple:

1. Look at the label for information about the amount of carbohydrates.
2. Please note, the amount of carbohydrates is indicated by packaged weight or per 100 g?
3. Remembering that 1XE is 13 g of carbohydrates, it is quite easy to calculate the amount of XE in the amount of product that you plan to eat.
4. Example. The ice cream label for a 700 g cake says general content carbohydrates 150 g. This means that 100 g of such sweetness contains (150:7) 21.5 g of carbohydrates or 1.8 XE.

FYI. In some countries, there has been a transition to the Glycemic Index system for calculating carbohydrates. However, despite the fact that these indicators take into account not only the carbohydrate content of products, but also the difference in their “behavior” after entering the body, this system is also far from perfect and requires individual correction using constant monitoring with a glucometer.

Table of XE norms depending on age

There is a relationship between the gender and age of a diabetic and standard indicators XE consumption. This is understandable.

However, the data presented below, especially if the XE system is used to plan carbohydrate intake in patients with type 2 diabetes, require not only quantitative but also temporal correlation with the future level of physical activity and exercise therapy.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common and severe forms endocrine disorders. It may be congenital or develop gradually. On early stages the symptoms are not so pronounced, which makes diagnosing the disease difficult. , therefore, for them, diet therapy will become one of the main methods of treatment, and for the majority of relatively healthy fat people - key method prevention.

The American Diabetes Association has compiled a number of nutritional principles aimed at improving metabolic disorders in patients, which in turn will improve well-being and slow down the progression of the disease. Treatment of diabetes requires monitoring blood sugar levels throughout the day - it must be within the normal range (calorizer). This can be done by normalizing nutrition, but if a person continues to have hyperglycemia, then insulin therapy is indicated. All questions of therapy should be resolved exclusively with the attending physician and remember that drug treatment does not diminish the importance of a healthy diet.

Calorie intake should be calculated based on physiological needs(weight, height, age) and lifestyle. Here, as with healthy people, the more active you are, the more calories you need. Special attention should be given .

The number of meals, including snacks, should be 5-6 times. to avoid glycemic load and spikes in blood sugar levels.

To do this, nutritionists began to use the concept of “bread unit” (XU) - a measure equal to 12-15 grams of digestible carbohydrates. That is, not 12-15 g of product, but carbohydrates in it. It can be 25 g, 5-6 biscuits, 18 g, 65 g or 1 medium. It has been found that 12-15 g of carbohydrates increase sugar levels by 2.8 mmol/l, which requires 2 units. insulin. The number of “bread units” in one meal should be in the range from 3 to 5. XE tables will help you diversify your diet and not go beyond the required amount of carbohydrates.

The total should be within 50 g. For diabetes mellitus, it is necessary to limit saturated fats from meat (,). To prevent atherosclerosis, you should also limit foods with high content cholesterol (,). In total, fat in the diet of patients with diabetes should account for no more than 30% of all calories. Of these, 10% should be saturated fat from animal products, 10% polyunsaturated and 10% monounsaturated fats.

In the diet of diabetics it makes up 15-20% of calories. If you have kidney disease, the amount of protein should be limited. Some categories of people need more protein foods. These are children and adolescents with diabetes, pregnant and lactating women, people with complications and physically exhausted. For them, needs are calculated based on 1.5-2 g per kilogram of body weight.

Other Power Components

Requirements for other nutritional components are as follows:

• , improves digestion, reduces cholesterol absorption. The dietary fiber needs of people with diabetes are higher and amount to about 40 g/day;
• Sweeteners will become an excellent replacement and will prevent spikes in blood glucose. Modern research have proven that most low-calorie sweeteners are harmless if consumed within the dosage established by the manufacturer;

In case of diabetes mellitus, especially type 1, it is necessary to give up many usual foods, develop special diet. Experts have invented a special term “bread unit”, which makes life much easier for diabetics and helps to calculate the correct amount of carbohydrate content in food.

What is a bread unit?

XE (bread unit) is a specially invented term, a kind of measure of the amount of carbohydrates for diabetics. 1 unit of bread or carbohydrate requires 2 units of insulin for its absorption. However, this measure is relative. So, for example, to assimilate 1 XE in the morning you need 2 EI, in the afternoon - 1.5, and in the evening - 1.

1 XE is equal to approximately 12 grams of digestible carbohydrates or one piece of brick-type bread, about 1 cm thick. Also, this amount of carbohydrates is contained in 50 grams of buckwheat or oatmeal, 10 g of sugar or a small apple.

For one meal you need to eat 3-6 XE!

Principles and rules for calculating XE

It is important for diabetics to know that the more carbohydrate units a patient is going to eat, the more insulin he will need. Therefore, diabetics have to carefully plan their daily diet, since the total daily component of insulin depends on the food eaten. At first, people with diabetes have to weigh all the foods they are going to eat, but over time everything is calculated “by eye.”

An example of how to calculate the amount of XE in a product or dish: The first thing you need to do for a correct calculation is to find out the amount of carbohydrates contained in 100 g of product. For example, 1XE = 20 carbohydrates. Let's say 200 g of product contains 100 g of carbohydrates. The calculation is as follows:

(200x20):100=40 g

Thus, 200 g of product contains 4 XE. Next, you need to weigh the product and find out its exact weight in order to accurately calculate XE.

Diabetics will find the following card helpful:

XE tables for type 1 and type 2 diabetics

XE tables for those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes contain full list products needed for good nutrition in case of illness.

Bakery products

Cereals and flour

Potatoes and dishes made from them

The readings of bread units differ due to the fact that potatoes are heat-treated.

Fruits and berries

You can find out which fruits are good for diabetics here.

Nutrition by bread units for diabetics

Everyone can easily create their own diet for themselves, guided by special tables. We bring to your attention sample menu per week for diabetics, taking into account the amount of XE:

Day 1:

• Morning. A bowl of apple and carrot salad mixture, a cup of coffee (tea of ​​your choice).
• Day. Lenten borscht, uzvar without sugar.
• Evening. A piece chicken fillet boiled (gr. 150) and 200 ml of kefir.

Day 2:

• Morning. A bowl of salad mixture made from cabbage and sour apple, a cup of coffee with milk.
• Day. Lenten borscht, seasonal fruit compote without sugar.
• Evening. Boiled or steamed fish, 200 ml of kefir.

Day 3:

• Morning. 2 small sour apples, 50 g dried apricots, tea or coffee (your choice) without sugar.
• Day. Vegetable soup and seasonal fruit compote without added sugar.

Day 4:

• Morning. 2 small sour apples, 20 g raisins, a cup of green tea.
• Day. Vegetable soup, fruit compote.
• Evening. Bowl of brown rice, seasoned soy sauce, a glass of kefir.

Day 5:

• Morning. Bowl of salad mixture of sour apples and oranges, green tea(coffee) without sugar.
• Evening. A bowl of buckwheat seasoned with soy sauce and a glass of unsweetened yogurt without additives.

Day 6:

• Morning. A bowl of salad mixture of apples and carrots, seasoned with lemon juice, a cup of coffee with milk.
• Day. Cabbage soup from sauerkraut, 200 g of fruit compote.
• Evening. A serving of durum pasta with tomato paste, a glass of kefir.

Day 7:

• Morning. A serving of salad mixture of half a banana and 2 small sour apples, a cup of green tea.
• Day. Vegetarian borscht and compote.
• Evening. 150-200 g baked or steamed chicken fillet, a glass of kefir.

People suffering from diabetes need to strictly monitor their diet, independently monitor their blood sugar, develop a special menu and follow all doctor’s instructions. Tables of bread units, designed specifically for diabetics, are very helpful in creating the correct diet; it is with their help that you can create your own special menu without weighing each product on a scale.

diabetes.biz

• HE- grain unit.

1 XE- the amount of product containing 10-12 g of net carbohydrates (10 grams (excluding dietary fiber); - 12 g (including ballast substances)).

• 1 XE increases blood glucose levels by 1.7-2.2 mmol/l.

To absorb 1 XE, 1-4 units of insulin are required.

• 1 glass = 250 ml; 1 mug = 300 ml; 1 basket = 250 ml.
• * — products marked in the table with this icon are not recommended for use in diabetes mellitus due to their high glycemic index.

Products	Correspondence 1XE
	Measure	Mass or volume	Kcal
Dairy products
Milk (whole, baked), kefir, yogurt, cream (any fat content), whey, buttermilk	1 glass	250 ml
Powdered milk powder		30 g
Condensed milk without sugar (7.5-10% fat content)		110 ml	160-175
Whole milk 3.6% fat	1 glass	250 ml	155
Curdled milk	1 glass	250 ml	100
Curd mass (sweet)		100 g
Syrniki	1 medium	85 g
Ice cream (depending on the variety)		65 g
Yogurt 3.6% fat	1 glass	250 ml	170
Bakery products
White bread, any rolls (except buns)	1 piece	20 g	65
Gray bread, rye	1 piece	25 g	60
Wholemeal bread with bran	1 piece	30 g	65
Dietary bread	2 pieces	25 g	65
Crackers	2 pcs.	15 g	55
Breadcrumbs	1 tbsp. heaped spoon	15 g	50
Crackers (dry cookies, dryers)	5 pcs.	15 g	70
Salty sticks	15 pcs.	15 g	55
Flour and cereal products
Raw dough: - puff pastry		35 g	140
- yeast		25 g	135
Any cereal (including semolina *) - raw	1 tbsp. heaped spoon	20 g	50-60
- rice (raw/porridge)	1 tbsp/2 tbsp. heaped spoons	15/45 g	50-60
- boiled (porridge)	2 tbsp. heaped spoons	50 g	50-60
Pasta - dry	1.5 tbsp. spoons	20 g	55
- boiled	3-4 tbsp. spoons	60 g	55
Fine flour, rye	1 tbsp. heaped spoon	15 g	50
Coarse flour, whole wheat grains	2 tbsp. spoons	20 g	65
Whole soy flour, semi-fat	4 tbsp. spoons with top	35-45 g	200
Starch (potato, corn, wheat)	1 tbsp. heaped spoon	15 g	50
Wheat bran	12 tbsp. spoon with top	50 g	135
"Popcorn"	10 tbsp. spoons	15 g	60
Pancakes	1 large	50 g	125
Pancakes	1 medium	50 g	125
Dumplings	3 tbsp. spoons	15 g	65
Baking from dough		50 g	55
Dumplings	2 pcs.
Meat dishes containing flour
Dumplings	4 pcs.
Meat pie	Less than 1 piece
Cutlet	1 piece average
Sausages, boiled sausage	2 pcs.	160 g
Refined carbohydrates
Granulated sugar*	1 tbsp. level spoon, 2 teaspoons	10 g	50
Lump sugar (refined)*	2.5 pieces	10-12 g	50
Jam, honey	1 tbsp. spoon, 2 level teaspoons	15 g	50
Fruit sugar (fructose)	1 tbsp. spoon	12 g	50
Sorbitol	1 tbsp. spoon	12 g	50
Vegetables
Peas (green and yellow, fresh and canned)	4 tbsp. heaped spoons	110 g	75
Beans, beans	7-8 tbsp. spoons	170 g	75
Corn - in grains (sweet canned)	3 tbsp. heaped spoons	70 g	75
- on the cob	0.5 large	190 g	75
Potato - boiled, baked tuber	1 medium	65 g	55
- puree*, ready to eat (in water)	2 tbsp. heaped spoons	80 g	80
- puree*, ready to eat (with water and oil)	2 tbsp. heaped spoons	90 g	125
- fried, fried	2-3 tbsp. spoons (12 pcs.)	35 g	90
- dry		25 g
Potato chips		25 g	145
Potato pancakes		60 g	115
Corn and rice cereal (ready-to-eat breakfast cereals)	4 tbsp. spoons with top	15 g	55
Muesli	4 tbsp. spoons with top	15 g	55
Beet		110 g	55
Soybean powder	2 tbsp. spoons	20 g
Rutabagas, Brussels sprouts, red cabbage, red peppers, leeks, celery, raw carrots, zucchini		240-300 g
Boiled carrots		150-200 g
Fruits and Berries
Apricot (with/without pit)	2-3 medium	130/120 g	50
Quince	1 piece large	140 g
Pineapple (with peel)	1 large piece	90 g	50
Orange (with/without peel)	1 medium	180/130 g	55
Watermelon (with rind)	1/8 part	250 g	55
Banana (with/without peel)	1/2 pcs. average size	90/60 g	50
Cowberry	7 tbsp. spoons	140 g	55
Elder	6 tbsp. spoons	170 g	70
Cherry (with pits)	12 large	110 g	55
Grape*	10 pcs. average size	70-80 g	50
Pear	1 small	90 g	60
Pomegranate	1 piece large	200 g
Grapefruit (with/without peel)	1/2 pcs.	200/130 g	50
Guava		80 g	50
Melon "Collective Farmer" with rind	1/12 part	130 g	50
Blackberry	9 tbsp. spoons	170 g	70
Strawberries	8 tbsp. spoons	170 g	60
Figs (fresh)	1 piece large	90 g	55
Kiwi	1 piece average size	120 g	55
Chestnuts		30 g
Strawberry	10 medium	160 g	50
Cranberry	1 basket	120 g	55
Gooseberry	20 pcs.	140 g	55
Lemon		150 g
Raspberry	12 tbsp. spoons	200 g	50
Tangerines (with/without peel)	2-3 pcs. medium or 1 large	160/120 g	55
Mango	1 piece small	90 g	45
Mirabel		90 g
Papaya	1/2 pcs.	140 g	50
Nectarine (with/without pit)	1 piece average	100/120 g	50
Peach (with/without pit)	1 piece average	140/130 g	50
Blue plums (with/without seeds)	4 pcs. little ones	120/110 g	50
Red plums	2-3 medium	80 g	50
Currant - black	6 tbsp. spoons	120 g
- white	7 tbsp. spoons	130 g
- red	8 tbsp. spoons	150 g
Feijoa	10 pcs. average size	160 g
Persimmon	1 medium	70 g
Cherries (with pits)	10 pcs.	100 g	55
Blueberries, blueberries	8 tbsp. spoons	170 g	55
Rosehip (fruit)		60 g
Apple	1 average	100 g	60
Dried fruits - bananas		15 g	50
- dried apricots	2 pcs.	20 g	50
- the rest		20 g	50
Natural juices 100%, no added sugar
- grape*	1/3 cup	70 g
- plum, apple	1/3 cup	80 ml
- redcurrant	1/3 cup	80 g
- cherry	1/2 cup	90 g
- orange	1/2 cup	110 g
- grapefruit	1/2 cup	140 g	On average
- blackberry	1/2 cup	120 g	60
- tangerine	1/2 cup	130 g
- strawberry	2/3 cup	160 g
- raspberry	3/4 cup	170 g
- tomato	1.5 cups	375 ml
- beetroot, carrot	1 glass	250 ml
Kvass, beer	1 glass	250 ml
Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola*	1/2 cup	100 ml
"FAST-FOOD"
Double hamburger - 3 XE; Triple Big Mac - 1 small - 1 XE; pizza (300 g) - 6 HEHE; bag of french fries
Meat, fish, cheeses, cottage cheese (not sweet), sour cream, mayonnaise are not counted by bread units
- light beer	Up to 0.5 l
- vegetables and herbs in regular portions (up to 200 g): lettuce, cucumbers, parsley, dill, onions, color, white cabbage, radish, radish, turnip, rhubarb, spinach, mushrooms, tomatoes		Up to 200 g	Average 40
Nuts and Seeds
- peanuts with skin	45 pcs.	85 g	375
- walnuts	1/2 basket	90 g	630
- pine nuts	1/2 basket	60 g	410
- hazelnuts	1/2 basket	90 g	590
- almonds	1/2 basket	60 g	385
- Cashew nuts	3 tbsp. spoons	40 g	240
- sunflower seeds		more than 50 g	300
- pistachios	1/2 basket	60 g	385

stopdiabetes.ru

Concept of bread unit

The presented term should be considered key in the process of ensuring glycemic control in a disease such as diabetes. A properly calculated ratio of XE in a diabetic’s diet will have a strong impact on optimizing the compensation of dysfunctions in the process of carbohydrate-type metabolism (this may be due to kicks and other bodies).

It is equal to 12 grams of carbohydrates, there is no need to count this. For example, in one unit of bread, available in a small piece rye bread, the total weight is about 25-30 grams. Instead of the term bread unit, the definition “carbohydrate unit” is sometimes used, which is equal to 10-12 grams of carbohydrates that are easily digestible and affect insulin.

For those interested, read what cookies can be used for diabetics and how to prepare them yourself.

It should be noted that with some products containing a small ratio of digestible carbohydrates (less than 5 grams per 100 grams of edible part of this product) mandatory calculation of XE for diabetes mellitus is not required.

The vast majority of vegetables can be classified as this type of product, which is beneficial for every diabetic. So, counting grain units in this case is not necessary. If necessary, scales are used for this or a special table of grain units is used.

Carrying out calculations

Firstly, it should be noted that a special calculator has been developed that makes it possible to calculate and carry out measurements in each individual case when a grain unit is of interest.

Depending on the characteristics of the body with diabetes, the proportionality of carbohydrates already taken and the ratio of such a hormone as insulin necessary for their processing can vary dramatically.

Let’s say that if the diet per day contains 300 grams of carbohydrates, then this can be in accordance with 25 XE. In addition, there are all kinds of tables with which to calculate this indicator it won't be difficult.

The main thing is that all measurements are as accurate as possible.

To do this, you can use special scales, on which you should calculate the mass of a particular product and, based on this, determine what its grain unit is.

Menu creation

The fun begins when you need to create a menu based on what is known about foods for diabetes. How to correctly calculate all other indicators - many get lost, but everything is extremely simple. The main thing is to have special scales and a table of bread units at hand. So, basic rules boil down to the following:

• If you have diabetes, it is advisable to eat no more than seven XE per meal. In this case, insulin will be produced at an optimal rate;
• The consumption of one XE increases the concentration of glucose in the blood, as a rule, by 2.5 mmol per liter. This makes measurements easier;
• one unit of this hormone reduces the blood glucose ratio by approximately 2.2 mmol per liter. However, it is necessary to use and remember that there is a table of bread units every day.

You should also remember that for one XE, which should be counted, in different times day and night, different dosage ratios are required. Let's say in morning time one such unit may require up to two units of insulin, at lunchtime - one and a half, and in the evening - only one.

About product groups

It is worth dwelling separately on some groups of products that help in the treatment of the presented illness and make it possible to keep the hormone under control. For example, dairy products, which are a source of not only calcium, but also protein of plant origin.

In small proportions they contain almost all groups of vitamins, and most of all those belonging to groups A and B2. At strict adherence diets for diabetes, it is advisable to focus on milk and dairy products with a reduced fat ratio, which does not need to be counted. And it would be more correct to completely abandon the so-called whole milk.

Products related to cereals, for example from whole grains, contain oats, barley, millet and are characterized by a more than high degree of carbohydrate concentration. In this regard, it is necessary to consider them XE.

However, their presence on the menu for diabetes is still necessary, because it makes it possible to keep sugar levels under control. To prevent such products from being harmful, you should:

1. exercise timely control over the blood sugar ratio before and after eating any food;
2. Under no circumstances should you exceed the recommended dosage for one dose of such products.

And finally, a group of foods such as vegetables, legumes and nuts deserves special attention. They are the ones who provide positive impact and control blood sugar ratios. Vegetables, nuts and legumes also reduce the risk of various complications, for example, in the formation of cardiovascular diseases.

Read how to eat quince for diabetics!

Also, these products, which also need to be considered, help enrich the body in diabetes with microelements such as calcium, fiber and even protein. It is recommended to adopt the following norm as a habit: to eat raw vegetables as a kind of “snack”.

It is advisable to try to select vegetables exclusively with minor glycemic index and greatly limit the use of so-called starchy vegetables. It is advisable to do this if you have diabetes because they contain a lot of calories and carbohydrates.

Thus, the very concept of a bread unit is important not only for diabetics, but also for ordinary people.

However, in the case of diabetes, maintaining and taking into account the presented parameter will be the key to optimal life activity and maintaining an ideal background. That is why it must always be kept under constant control.

Table of possible consumption of bread units per day

Contingent	Bread units (XE)
Persons with heavy physical labor or underweight	25-30 HE
People with normal body weight performing moderately heavy physical work	20-22 HE
Individuals of normal body weight who perform sedentary work	15-18 HE
Typical diabetic patient: over 50 years of age,	12-14 HE
Persons with obesity degree 2A (BMI = 30-34.9 kg/m2) 50 years old, physically inactive, BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m2	10 XE
Persons with degree 2B obesity (BMI 35 kg/m2 or more)	6-8 XE

Calculation of bread units in any finished product

1 XE, eaten in any form, increases blood sugar by an average of 1.7 - 2 mm/l (without taking into account the hypoglycemic effect of drugs)

Uniform distribution of XE throughout the day:

diabetikum.ru

What is a bread unit

A bread unit is a measurement developed by nutritionists. It is used to count the amount of carbohydrates in food. This measure of calculation was introduced into use at the beginning of the 20th century by the German nutritionist Karl Noorden.

One bread unit is equivalent to a piece of bread one centimeter thick, divided in half. This is 12 grams easily digestible carbohydrates(or a tablespoon of sugar). When consuming one XE, the level of glycemia in the blood increases by two mmol/l. To break down 1 XE, 1 to 4 units of insulin are required. It all depends on working conditions and time of day.

Bread units are an approximate value for estimating the carbohydrate content of a diet. The dosage of insulin is selected taking into account the consumption of XE.

How to count bread units

When buying a packaged product in a store, you need to divide the amount of carbohydrates per 100 g indicated on the label into 12 parts. This is how bread units are calculated for diabetes, the table will help.

The average carbohydrate intake is 280 g per day. This is approximately 23 HE. The weight of the product is calculated by eye. The calorie content of food does not affect the content of bread units.

Throughout the day, different amounts of insulin are required to break down 1 XE:

• in the morning – 2 units;
• at lunch – 1.5 units;
• in the evening – 1 unit.

Insulin consumption depends on body type, physical activity, age and individual sensitivity to the hormone.

What is the daily requirement for XE

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to break down carbohydrates. In type 2 diabetes, there is an insensitivity to the insulin produced.

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy as a result of metabolic disorders. Disappears on its own after childbirth.

Regardless of the type of diabetes, patients must adhere to a diet. To correctly calculate the amount of food consumed, bread units are used for diabetes.

People with different physical activity an individual amount of daily carbohydrate load is required.

Table of daily consumption of bread units for people various types activities

The daily intake of XE should be divided into 6 meals. Three techniques are significant:

• breakfast – up to 6 XE;
• afternoon snack - no more than 6 XE;
• dinner - less than 4 XE.

The remaining XE are distributed for intermediate snacks. Most of the carbohydrate load occurs in the first meals. It is not recommended to consume more than 7 units per meal. Excessive intake of XE leads to a sharp jump blood sugar levels. Balanced diet contains 15–20 XE. This is the optimal amount of carbohydrates that covers the daily requirement.

Bread units for diabetes

The second type of diabetes is characterized by excessive accumulation of fatty tissue. Therefore, calculating carbohydrate intake often requires the development of an easily digestible diet. The daily intake of XE ranges from 17 to 28.

You can eat dairy products, grains, vegetables and fruits, as well as sweets in moderation.

The bulk of carbohydrates in food should be vegetables, flour and fermented milk products. Fruits and sweets account for no more than 2 XE per day.

A table with the most commonly eaten foods and the content of bread units in them should always be kept at hand.

Table of allowed dairy products

Dairy products accelerate metabolic processes, saturate the body nutrients, maintain optimal blood sugar levels.

List of dairy products	What does 1 XE correspond to?
Raw and baked milk	partial glass
Kefir	full glass
Sweet acidophilus	half a glass
Cream	partial glass
Sweet fruit yogurt	no more than 70 ml
Natural unsweetened yogurt	full glass
Curdled milk	cup
Ice cream in a cup	no more than 1 serving
Sweet curd mass no raisins	100 grams
Sweet curd mass with raisins	about 40 g
Condensed milk without sugar	no more than a third of the jar
Children's cheese in chocolate	half a cheese

The fat content of consumed dairy products should not exceed 20%. The daily consumption volume is no more than half a liter.

Table of grains and cereal products

Cereals are a source of complex carbohydrates. They saturate the brain, muscles, and organ function with energy. It is not recommended to consume more than 120 grams of flour products per day.

Abuse of flour products leads to early onset complications of diabetes.

Table of vegetables allowed for diabetes

Vegetables are a source of vitamins and antioxidants. They maintain redox balance and prevent diabetes complications. Plant fiber interferes with the absorption of glucose.

Heat treatment of vegetables increases the glycemic index. You should limit your intake of boiled carrots and beets. These products contain a significant number of bread units.

Table of allowed berries for diabetes

IN fresh berries contains vitamins, trace elements and minerals. They nourish the body necessary substances, which speed up the basal metabolism.

A moderate amount of berries stimulates the release of insulin by the pancreas and stabilizes glucose levels.

Fruit table

The fruit contains plant fiber, vitamins and microelements. They stimulate intestinal motility and normalize the functioning of the enzyme system.

List of fruits	Amount of product in 1 XE
Apricots	4 small fruits
Cherry plum	about 4 medium fruits
Plums	4 blue plums
Pears	1 small pear
Apples	1 medium sized apple
Banana	half a small fruit
Oranges	1 orange without peel
Cherries	15 ripe cherries
Grenades	1 medium fruit
Tangerines	3 unsweetened fruits
Pineapples	1 slice
Peach	1 ripe fruit
Persimmon	1 small persimmon
Cherries	10 red cherries
Feijoa	10 things

Sweets

If possible, sweets should be avoided. Even a small amount of the product contains a lot of carbohydrates. This group of products does not bring significant benefits.

It is advisable to avoid eating fried, smoked and fatty foods. It contains saturated fatty acids, which are difficult to break down and difficult to absorb.

Foods allowed for diabetes

The basis daily ration should be products containing a small amount of XE. IN daily menu their share is 60%. These products include:

• lean meat ( boiled chicken and beef);
• fish;
• chicken egg;
• zucchini;
• radish;
• radish;
• lettuce leaves;
• greens (dill, parsley);
• one nut;
• bell pepper;
• eggplant;
• cucumbers;
• tomatoes;
• mushrooms;
• mineral water.

Patients with diabetes need to increase their consumption of lean fish to three times a week. Fish contains protein and fatty acids that lower cholesterol levels. This reduces the risk of strokes, heart attacks, and thromboembolism.

When compiling daily ration The content of sugar-lowering foods in the diet is taken into account. Such foods include:

• cabbage;
• Jerusalem artichoke;
• grapefruit;
• nettle;
• garlic;
• flax seeds;
• rose hip;
• chicory.

Dietary meat contains proteins and essential nutrients. Does not contain bread units. It is recommended to consume up to 200 g of meat per day. Can be used in various dishes. This takes into account additional components included in the recipes.

Foods with a low glycemic index will not harm your health and will saturate your body with vitamins and nutrients. Consumption of products with low content XE will allow you to avoid sugar spikes, which prevents the occurrence of complications of metabolic disorders.

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What is a grain unit and for what purpose was it introduced?

To calculate the amount of carbohydrates in food, there is a special measure - a bread unit (XE). This measure received this name because the starting material for it was a piece of black bread - a slice of “brick” cut in half, about 1 cm thick. This slice (its weight is 25 g) contains 12 g of digestible carbohydrates. Accordingly, 1XE is 12 g of carbohydrates with dietary fiber(fiber) inclusive. If you do not count fiber, then 1XE will contain 10 g of carbohydrates. There are countries, for example the USA, where 1XE is 15 g of carbohydrates.

You can also find another name for a bread unit - carbohydrate unit, starch unit.

The need to standardize the amount of carbohydrates in foods arose due to the need to calculate the dose of insulin administered to patients, which is directly dependent on the mass of carbohydrates consumed. First of all, this applies to insulin-dependent diabetics, i.e. type 1 diabetics who take insulin daily before meals 4-5 times a day.

It has been established that consuming one unit of bread leads to an increase in blood glucose levels by 1.7–2.2 mmol/l. To knock down this jump you need 1-4 units. insulin depending on body weight. Having information about the amount of XE in a dish, a diabetic can independently calculate how much insulin he needs to inject so that the food does not cause complications. Quantity necessary hormone Moreover, it depends on the time of day. In the morning you may need twice as much as in the evening.

For patients with diabetes, not only the concentration of carbohydrates in the foods they eat matters, but also the period of time during which these substances are broken down into glucose and enter the bloodstream. The unit of rate of glucose formation after consuming a particular food is called the glycemic index (GI).

Foods with a high glycemic index (sweets) provoke high speed converting carbohydrates into glucose blood vessels it is formed in large quantities and creates peak levels. If foods with a low glycemic index (vegetables) enter the body, blood saturation with glucose occurs slowly, and the spikes in its level after meals are weak.

Distribution of XE during the day

In diabetic patients, breaks between meals should not be long, so the required 17–28 XE per day (204–336 g of carbohydrates) should be distributed over 5–6 times. In addition to main meals, snacks are recommended. However, if the intervals between meals are long and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) does not occur, you can avoid snacking. There is no need to resort to additional foods even when a person injects ultra-short insulin.

For diabetes mellitus, bread units are counted for each meal, and if the dishes are combined - for each ingredient. For products with a small amount of digestible carbohydrates (less than 5 g per 100 g of edible portion), XE can not be counted.

To ensure that the rate of insulin production does not exceed safe limits, you should eat no more than 7XE at one time. The more carbohydrates you enter into your body, the more difficult it is to control your sugar. It is recommended 3–5 XE for breakfast, 2 XE for second breakfast, 6–7 XE for lunch, 2 XE for afternoon snack, 3–4 XE for dinner, 1–2 XE at night. As you can see, most carbohydrate-containing foods should be consumed in the first half of the day.

If the amount of carbohydrates consumed turns out to be greater than planned, an additional small amount of the hormone should be administered some time after eating to avoid a jump in glucose levels. However, it should be remembered that a single dose of insulin short acting should not exceed 14 units. If the concentration of glucose in the blood does not go beyond the norm, between meals you can eat some product on 1XE without using insulin.

A number of experts suggest consuming only 2–2.5XE per day (the method is called a low-carbohydrate diet). In this case, in their opinion, insulin therapy can be abandoned altogether.

Information about bread units of products

To make up for a diabetic optimal menu(both in composition and volume), you need to know how many bread units are contained in various products.

For products in factory packaging, this knowledge is obtained very simply. The manufacturer is required to indicate the amount of carbohydrates in 100 g of the product, and this number should be divided by 12 (the amount of carbohydrates in grams in one XE) and recalculated based on the entire mass of the product.

In all other cases, tables of bread units become assistants. Such tables describe how much of a particular product contains 12 g of carbohydrates, i.e. 1XE. For convenience, products are divided into groups depending on their origin or type (vegetables, fruits, dairy, drinks, etc.).

These reference books allow you to quickly calculate the amount of carbohydrates in foods chosen for consumption, create an optimal nutrition plan, correctly replace some foods with others, and ultimately, calculate the required dose of insulin. With information about carbohydrate content, diabetics can allow themselves to eat a little of what is usually prohibited.

The quantity of products is usually indicated not only in grams, but also, for example, in pieces, spoons, glasses, as a result of which there is no need to weigh them. But with this approach, you can make a mistake with the insulin dosage.

The table of bread units does not include all products, but only those in which carbohydrates are present in quantities that affect the level of glucose in the blood. The content of the tables of bread units for type 1 diabetes mellitus is the same as for patients with type 2 diabetes, because both diseases have the same driving force and the external root cause – carbohydrates.

How do different foods increase glucose levels?

• those that practically do not increase glucose;
• increasing glucose levels moderately;
• increasing glucose significantly.

The basis first group products include vegetables (cabbage, radishes, tomatoes, cucumbers, red and green peppers, zucchini, eggplants green beans, radish) and greens (sorrel, spinach, dill, parsley, lettuce, etc.). Due to extreme low level XE carbohydrates are not calculated for them. Diabetics can consume these gifts of nature without restrictions, raw, boiled, or baked, both during main meals and during snacks. Cabbage is especially useful because it absorbs sugar itself, removing it from the body.

Legumes (beans, peas, lentils, beans) in their raw form are characterized by a fairly low carbohydrate content. 1XE per 100 g of product. But if you cook them, the carbohydrate saturation increases by 2 times and 1XE will already be present in 50 g of the product.

To avoid increasing the concentration of carbohydrates in ready-made vegetable dishes ah, fats (butter, mayonnaise, sour cream) should be added to them in minimal quantities.

Walnuts and hazelnuts are equivalent to raw legumes. 1XE per 90 g. Peanuts per 1XE require 85 g. If you mix vegetables, nuts and beans, you get healthy and nutritious salads.

The listed products, moreover, have a low glycemic index, i.e. The process of transforming carbohydrates into glucose occurs slowly.

Mushrooms and dietary fish and meat, such as beef, are not included in special meals for diabetics. But sausages already contain dangerous amounts of carbohydrates, since starch and other additives are usually added there at the factory. In addition, soybeans are often used to produce sausages. However, in sausages and boiled sausages 1XE is formed at a weight of 160 g. Smoked sausages It should be completely excluded from the diabetic menu.

The saturation of cutlets with carbohydrates is increased by adding softened bread to the minced meat, especially if it was filled with milk. Breadcrumbs are used for frying. As a result, 70 g of this product is enough to make 1XE.

No XE in 1 tablespoon sunflower oil and in 1 egg.

Foods that moderately increase glucose levels

In second group of products includes products from cereals - wheat, oat, barley, millet. For 1XE you need 50 g of porridge of any kind. Great value has the consistency of the product. With the same quantity carbohydrate units porridge in a liquid state (for example, semolina) is absorbed into the body faster than crumbly porridge. As a consequence, the blood glucose level in the first case increases at a faster rate than in the second.

It should be noted that cooked cereals contain three times less carbohydrates than dry cereals, when 1XE forms only 15 g of product. Oatmeal for 1XE you need a little more - 20 g.

An increased carbohydrate content is also characteristic of starch (potato, corn, wheat), fine flour and rye flour: 1XE - 15 g (heaped tablespoon). Wholemeal flour is 1XE more - 20 g. This makes it clear why it is contraindicated for diabetics flour products in large quantities. Flour and products made from it, in addition, are characterized by a high glycemic index, i.e. carbohydrates are quickly converted into glucose.

Rusks, breadcrumbs, and dry biscuits (crackers) have identical characteristics. But there is more bread in 1XE in weight terms: 20 g of white, gray and lavash, 25 g of black and 30 g of bran. A bread unit will weigh 30 g if you bake muffins, fry pancakes or pancakes. But we must keep in mind that calculations of bread units must be made for the dough, and not for the finished product.

Boiled pasta contains even more carbohydrates (1XE - 50 g). In the line of pasta products, it is advisable to choose those made from lower-carbohydrate wholemeal flour.

The second group of products also includes milk and its derivatives. On 1XE you can drink one 250-gram glass of milk, kefir, yogurt, fermented baked milk, cream or yogurt of any fat content. As for cottage cheese, if its fat content is less than 5%, it does not need to be taken into account at all. The fat content of hard cheeses should be less than 30%.

Diabetics should consume products of the second group with certain restrictions - half of the usual portion. In addition to those mentioned above, this also includes corn and eggs.

Foods high in carbohydrates

Among the foods that significantly increase glucose levels (third group ) , occupy the leading place. Just 2 teaspoons (10 g) of sugar - and already 1XE. The same situation is with jam and honey. There is more chocolate and marmalade per 1XE - 20 g. You should not get carried away with diabetic chocolate, since 1XE only needs 30 g. Fruit sugar (fructose), which is considered diabetic, is also not a panacea, because 1XE forms 12 g. Due the combination of carbohydrate flour and sugar, a piece of cake or pie immediately gains 3XE. Most sugary foods have a high glycemic index.

But this does not mean that sweets should be completely excluded from the diet. Safe, for example, is sweet curd mass (without glaze and raisins, however). To get 1XE, you need as much as 100 g.

It is also acceptable to eat ice cream, 100 g of which contains 2XE. Preference should be given to creamy varieties, since the fats present there prevent carbohydrates from being absorbed too quickly, which means that blood glucose levels rise at the same slow pace. Fruit ice cream, consisting of juices, on the contrary, is quickly absorbed into the stomach, as a result of which the saturation of the blood with sugar intensifies. This dessert is only useful for hypoglycemia.

For diabetics, sweets are usually made with sweeteners. But you need to remember that some sugar substitutes increase weight.

Having purchased ready-made sweet products for the first time, you should test them - eat a small portion and measure your blood glucose level.

In order to avoid all kinds of troubles, it is best to prepare sweets at home, choosing the optimal amount of starting products.

You also need to eliminate or limit as much as possible creamy and vegetable oil, lard, sour cream, fatty meat and fish, canned meat and fish, alcohol. When preparing food, the frying method should be avoided and it is advisable to use utensils in which you can cook without fat.

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What are Bread Units and what are they “eaten with”?

When compiling a daily menu, you should consider only those foods that increase blood sugar levels. U healthy person the pancreas produces required quantity insulin in response to food intake. As a result, blood sugar levels do not rise. For diabetes mellitus, to maintain optimal level blood sugar, we are forced to administer insulin (or glucose-lowering drugs) from the outside, independently changing the dose depending on what and how much a person has eaten. That’s why it’s important to learn how to correctly count those foods that increase blood sugar.

How to do this?

You don't have to weigh your food every time! Scientists studied the products and compiled a table of their carbohydrate content or Bread Units - XE for people with diabetes.

1 XE is the amount of product that contains 10 g of carbohydrates. In other words, according to the XE system, those foods that belong to the group that increase blood sugar levels are calculated - these are

Cereals (bread, buckwheat, oats, millet, pearl barley, rice, pasta, vermicelli),
fruits and fruit juices,
milk, kefir and other liquid dairy products (except low-fat cottage cheese),
as well as some varieties of vegetables - potatoes, corn (beans and peas - in large quantities).
but of course, chocolate, cookies, candies are certainly limited in the daily diet, lemonade and sugar in pure form- should be strictly limited in the diet and used only in case of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

Blood sugar levels will also be affected by the degree culinary processing. So, for example, mashed potatoes will raise blood sugar levels faster than boiled or fried potatoes. Apple juice gives a faster rise in blood sugar compared to eating an apple, just like polished rice than unpolished rice. Fats and cold foods slow down the absorption of glucose, and salt speeds it up.

For the convenience of preparing a diet, there are special tables of Bread Units, which provide data on the amount of various carbohydrate-containing products containing 1 XE (I will give it below).

It is very important to learn how to determine the amount of XE in the foods you eat!

There are a number of foods that do not affect blood sugar levels:

these are vegetables - any type of cabbage, radishes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, red and green peppers (with the exception of potatoes and corn),

greens (sorrel, dill, parsley, lettuce, etc.), mushrooms,

butter and vegetable oil, mayonnaise and lard,

as well as fish, meat, poultry, eggs and products made from them, cheese and cottage cheese,

nuts in small quantities (up to 50 g).

A slight rise in sugar is given by beans, peas and beans in small quantities as a side dish (up to 7 tbsp. l)

How many meals should you have during the day?

There must be 3 main meals, and intermediate meals, so-called snacks from 1 to 3, are also possible, i.e. There can be a total of 6 meals. When using ultra-short insulins (Novorapid, Humalog), it is possible to avoid snacking. This is acceptable if there is no hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) when skipping a snack.

In order to correlate the amount of digestible carbohydrates consumed with the dose of short-acting insulin administered,

a system of grain units was developed.

To do this, we need to return to the topic “Rational nutrition”, calculate daily calorie content of your diet, taking 55 or 60% of it, determine the number of kilocalories that should come from carbohydrates.
Then, dividing this value by 4 (since 1g of carbohydrates gives 4 kcal), we get the daily amount of carbohydrates in grams. Knowing that 1 XE is equal to 10 grams of carbohydrates, we divide the resulting daily amount of carbohydrates by 10 and get the daily amount of XE.

For example, if you are a man and work physically at a construction site, then your daily caloric intake is 1800 kcal,

60% of it is 1080 kcal. Dividing 1080 kcal by 4 kcal gives you 270 grams of carbohydrates.

Dividing 270 grams by 12 grams, we get 22.5 XE.

For a woman working physically - 1200 - 60% = 720: 4 = 180: 12 = 15 XE

Standard for adult woman and in order not to gain weight - 12 HE. Breakfast - 3XE, lunch - 3XE, dinner - 3XE and snacks - 1 XE

How to distribute these units throughout the day?

Considering the presence of 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner), the bulk of carbohydrates should be distributed between them,

taking into account the principles rational nutrition(more in the first half of the day, less in the evening)

and, of course, taking into account your appetite.

It should be borne in mind that it is not recommended to eat more than 7 XE at one meal, since the more carbohydrates you eat at one meal, the higher the rise in glycemia will be and the dose of short-term insulin will increase.

And the dose of short-term, “food” insulin, administered once, should not be more than 14 units.

Thus, the approximate distribution of carbohydrates between main meals could be as follows:

• 3 XE for breakfast (for example, oatmeal- 4 tablespoons (2 XE); sandwich with cheese or meat (1 XE); unsweetened cottage cheese with green tea or coffee with sweeteners).
• Lunch - 3 XE: fresh cabbage soup with sour cream (do not count according to XE) with 1 slice of bread (1 XE), pork chop or fish with vegetable salad in vegetable oil, without potatoes, corn and legumes (we do not count according to XE), mashed potatoes - 4 tablespoons (2 XE), a glass of unsweetened compote
• Dinner - 3 XE: vegetable omelette of 3 eggs and 2 tomatoes (do not count according to XE) with 1 slice of bread (1 XE), 1 glass of sweet yoghurt (2 XE).

Thus, the total is 9 XE. “Where are the other 3 HE?” - you ask.

The remaining XE can be used for so-called snacks between main meals and at night. For example, 2 XE in the form of 1 banana can be eaten 2.5 hours after breakfast, 1 XE in the form of an apple - 2.5 hours after lunch and 1 XE at night, at 22.00, when you introduce your “night” extended-release insulin .

The break between breakfast and lunch should be 5 hours, and the same between lunch and dinner.

After the main meal, 2.5 hours later there should be a snack = 1 XE

Are intermediate meals and nighttime meals required for all people taking insulin?

Not required for everyone. Everything is individual and depends on your insulin therapy regimen. Very often we encounter a situation where people have had a heavy breakfast or lunch and do not want to eat at all 3 hours after eating, but, remembering the recommendations to have a snack at 11.00 and 16.00, they forcefully “stuff” XE into themselves and increase their glucose levels.

Intermediate meals are required for those who are at increased risk of hypoglycemia 3 hours after eating. This usually happens when, in addition to short-acting insulin, long-acting insulin is administered in the morning, and the larger the dose, the more likely hypoglycemia is at this time (layering time maximum action short-acting insulin and the onset of action of long-acting insulin).

After lunch, when long-acting insulin is at its peak of action and layers on the peak of action of short-acting insulin administered before lunch, the likelihood of hypoglycemia also increases and to prevent it, taking 1-2 XE is necessary. At night, at 22-23.00, when you administer long-acting insulin, have a snack in the amount of 1-2 XE ( slow-digesting) for the prevention of hypoglycemia is needed if glycemia at this time is less than 6.3 mmol/l.

When glycemia is above 6.5-7.0 mmol/l, a snack at night can lead to morning hyperglycemia, since there is not enough “night” insulin.
Intermediate meals intended to prevent hypoglycemia during the day and at night should be no more than 1-2 XE, otherwise instead of hypoglycemia you will get hyperglycemia.
For intermediate meals taken with for preventive purposes in an amount of no more than 1-2 XE, no additional insulin is administered.

Much is said about grain units in detail.
But why do you need to be able to count them? Let's look at an example.

Let's say you have a glucometer and measure your blood glucose before meals. For example, you, as always, injected 12 units of insulin prescribed by your doctor, ate a bowl of porridge and drank a glass of milk. Yesterday you also administered the same dose and ate the same porridge and drank the same milk, and tomorrow you must do the same.

Why? Because as soon as you deviate from usual diet, your glycemic indicators immediately change, and they are not ideal anyway. If you are a literate person and know how to count XE, then changes in your diet are not scary for you. Knowing that for 1 XE on average there are 2 units of short-acting insulin and knowing how to count XE, you can vary the composition of the diet, and therefore the dose of insulin at your discretion, without compromising diabetes compensation. This means that today you can eat porridge for breakfast for 4 XE (8 tbsp), 2 slices of bread (2 XE) with cheese or meat and inject 12 units of short-term insulin into these 6 XE and get good result glycemia.

Tomorrow morning, if you don’t have an appetite, you can limit yourself to a cup of tea with 2 sandwiches (2 XE) and inject only 4 units of short-acting insulin, and still get a good glycemic result. That is, the system of bread units helps to administer exactly as much short-term insulin as is necessary for the absorption of carbohydrates, no more (which is fraught with hypoglycemia) and no less (which is fraught with hyperglycemia), and maintain good compensation for diabetes.

Foods that can be consumed without restrictions

all vegetables except potatoes and corn

- cabbage (all types)
- cucumbers
- leaf lettuce
- greens
- tomatoes
- pepper
- zucchini
- eggplants
- beet
- carrot
- green beans
- radish, radish, turnip - green peas(young)
- spinach, sorrel
- mushrooms
- tea, coffee without sugar and cream
– mineral water
- drinks with sweeteners

Vegetables can be consumed raw, boiled, baked, or pickled.

The use of fats (butter, mayonnaise, sour cream) in preparing vegetable dishes should be minimal.

Foods to eat in moderation

- lean meat
— Not fatty fish
- milk and fermented milk products (low-fat)
- cheeses with less than 30% fat content
- cottage cheese less than 5% fat
- potato
- corn
- mature legume grains (peas, beans, lentils)
- cereals
— pasta
- bread and bakery products(not rich)

- eggs

"Moderate amount" means half of your usual serving.

Products that need to be excluded or limited as much as possible

- butter
— vegetable oil*
- salo
- sour cream, cream
- cheeses with more than 30% fat content
- cottage cheese with more than 5% fat content
- mayonnaise
- fatty meats, smoked meats
- sausages
- fatty fish
- poultry skin
– canned meat, fish and vegetable in oil
- nuts, seeds
- sugar, honey
- preserves, jams
- candies, chocolate
- pastries, pies, etc. confectionery
- cookies, pastry products
- ice cream
- sweet drinks (Coca-Cola, Fanta)
- alcoholic drinks

If possible, avoid cooking food such as frying.
Try to use cookware that allows you to cook food without adding fat.

* - vegetable oil is a necessary part daily diet, however, it is enough to consume it in very small quantities.

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In this article:

10 facts about the diabetic diet

• Right organized meals for diabetes, helps maintain blood glucose levels in the target range. The diet should be combined with physical activity and taking medications if prescribed by a doctor.
• In some cases, diet is the main “cure”, for example, with type 2 diabetes, when blood glucose levels can be maintained without taking pills. Unfortunately, this is not possible with type 1 diabetes - patients require constant insulin injections.
• Before eating, a diabetic's blood sugar level should be no higher than 7.3 mmol/l, and 1-2 hours after eating no more than 10 mmol/l.

Table of acceptable blood sugar levels:

Blood sugar measurement time	Values
Normal blood sugar levels
	3.9 - 5.5 mmol/l
2 hours after eating	3.9 - 8.1 mmol/l
Any time of the day	3.9 - 6.9 mmol/l
Elevated blood sugar (an indicator of diabetes)
	>6.1 mmol/l
2 hours after eating	> 11.1 mmol/l
Random analysis throughout the day	> 11.1 mmol/l
Low blood sugar ()
Random indicator throughout the day	<3,3 - 3,5 ммоль/л

• What you eat and when you eat affects how your diabetes medications work. The law of correct diabetes compensation is finding the correct ratio of medications taken and food consumed.
• Physical activity is an important factor in maintaining health and controlling blood glucose levels. Talk to your doctor about what types of exercise are safe for you.
• Low blood glucose can make you unsure, weak, confused, irritable, hungry, or tired. You may sweat a lot or get a headache. To prevent a condition called hypoglycemia, a person with diabetes should always carry sweets with them (pieces of sugar, glucose or ascorbic acid tablets, candy, energy bars, etc.).
• Use the Diabetic Food Pyramid to help you make healthy food choices. Aim for the following daily caloric intake for diabetes: approximately 1200-1600 calories per day for women and 1600-2000 kcal per day for men.
• Whole starchy grains provide carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and fiber. Vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals and fiber. They contain few carbohydrates, so they practically do not increase blood sugar. They give you energy, vitamins, minerals and fiber, but they are significantly higher in carbohydrates. Milk and dairy products provide us with essential carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, vitamins and minerals. Meat and meat substitutes provide protein, vitamins and minerals, meat and fish do not contain carbohydrates, so they do not greatly affect blood sugar.
• Limit the amount of fats and sweets in your diet.
• Alcohol contains many empty calories and has no beneficial substances. If you drink an alcoholic drink on an empty stomach, it can severely lower your blood glucose levels. Alcohol can also worsen your lipid profile (the amount of fat in your blood), which is very dangerous if you have diabetes. the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases and.
• Buy a bench scale and get into the habit of weighing food so you know how much you're eating.

Take care of yourself when you are sick. Illness can raise your blood glucose levels too high. If you are sick, you need to take more insulin or glucose-lowering medications.

Nutrition for diabetes

You can take good care of yourself and your diabetes by seriously studying the following questions:

• what is there?
• how much is there?
• when is it available?

Choosing the right foods will allow a diabetic patient to:

• feel great;
• lose weight if necessary;
• reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and other problems caused by diabetes.

Eating a healthy diet helps keep your blood glucose levels in the target range. Physical activity and, if necessary, taking medications for diabetes will help compensate for this insidious disease. The goal of diabetes compensation is to maintain blood sugar no lower or higher than the established values. Only you can maintain optimal blood sugar levels (doctors only give recommendations, and only you control the course of your diabetes), and nutrition plays a crucial role here.

Eating and blood sugar levels

To maintain blood sugar within the optimal range, you need to measure it several times a day:

• in the morning on an empty stomach;
• before each meal;
• 2 hours after eating (optional, ideally for complete control of your glycemic profile);
• before bed.

Also, blood sugar levels should be measured before, during and after exercise.

So, you need to keep track of how many carbohydrates you eat at each meal. If you eat more carbohydrates than normal, your blood sugar will be high 2 hours after eating. If you calculated the number of bread units correctly, then sugar after eating will not exceed 10.0 mmol/l.

The results of daily monitoring of blood sugar levels and HbA1c analysis must be shown to the doctor so that he, if necessary, can adjust the treatment plan. Therefore, a patient with diabetes mellitus should keep a self-monitoring diary.

The following parameters should be recorded in the self-monitoring diary:

• dose of insulin administered per meal (tablets taken);
• blood sugar level before meals;
• the amount of carbohydrates eaten during a meal. For convenience, we recommend counting 10 grams of carbohydrates as 1 bread unit (XE);
• blood sugar level 2 hours after eating.

An example of a diabetic self-control diary:

		Breakfast		Dinner		Dinner		Before bed
	Sugar level
	Dose of medicine
	Note

How to maintain blood glucose levels within target values?

You can monitor your blood sugar target if:

• make the right food choices;
• engage in physical activity;
• take the correct dosage of medications if prescribed by your doctor.

You need to talk to your doctor about your diet and how many meals and snacks you should eat each day.

How do diabetes medications interact with food?

What you eat and when you eat affects how your insulin or sugar-lowering pills work. Talk to your doctor about the dosage of prescribed medications, show him your self-monitoring diary, which should reflect the doses of medications taken before main meals. You can draw a clock and mark the time you take your medication to see how it works.

Print this drawing and mark the time and dosage of the medications you take. Show it to your doctor along with your self-monitoring diary.

Nutrition during physical activity

What you eat and when also depend on how physically active you are. Physical exercise for patients with diabetes is very useful; it is an important part of comprehensive blood sugar control. Diabetics should consider the following points when engaging in physical activity:

1. Before class, you need to measure your blood sugar level. If sugar is high, then it needs to be brought back to normal, otherwise exercise will increase it even more. If your sugar is low, take 10-20 grams of fast carbohydrates to bring it back to normal.
2. You should know the signs of low blood sugar, also called hypoglycemia, because... Exercise for diabetes lowers blood sugar. Always have fast carbohydrate foods or glucose tablets nearby to quickly treat hypoglycemia.
3. It is very good if you wear a diabetes bracelet or necklace - identifiers that allow others to understand that you have diabetes and provide medical assistance.
4. Keep track of your physical activity in a self-monitoring diary so you know how it affects your blood sugar and how much you should eat before and during activity.

Diabetes and Low Blood Sugar: Food as a Life Saver!

When blood sugar levels are low (), food is vital for a diabetic. In no other condition (except perhaps during multi-day fasting) does a person’s life depend so much on food.

The main symptoms are:

• weakness;
• confusion;
• irritability;
• severe hunger;
• fatigue;
• headache.

If you experience these symptoms, check your blood glucose levels. If it is below 3.9 mmol/l, then urgently take fast carbohydrates:

• 15 gr. glucose tablets. Pharmacies sell glucose tablets of 0.5 g, which means that you need to take 30 glucose tablets at a time. Chew them and drink with warm water. This is an ideal treatment method because... You can accurately calculate how much the tablets will increase your blood sugar. But if you are in a public place or at work, those around you will be surprised by your behavior. Although, if we are talking about a vital necessity, other people's opinions should not bother you.
• 1 serving of energy bar equals 15 grams of carbohydrates. There is also an excellent remedy - Dextro4 (DextroPho Candies), 1 sachet of which contains 4 g of fast-acting carbohydrate - dextrose.
• Half a cup (150 g) of a non-diet soft drink such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, Fanta or sweet juice (apple, grape, orange).
• 80-100 g of milk.
• 1 banana.
• 2-3 caramel candies.
• 1 teaspoon sugar or honey.

After 15 minutes, measure your blood sugar again. If it is still too low, eat another serving. Repeat these steps until your blood glucose level is above 3.9 mmol/L. If you're an hour or more away from your next meal, have a snack.

If you experience hypoglycemia during physical activity, it is advisable to stop the activity, because Low sugar has already stressed the blood vessels and circulatory system and there is no point in subjecting the body to additional stress.

Food pyramid for diabetes

The Diabetes Food Pyramid can help you make better food choices. It divides foods into groups based on what they contain. You should eat mostly foods from the groups at the bottom of the pyramid and less from the groups at the top.

Starchy foods, grains, starchy vegetables, and milk contain the most carbohydrates and therefore raise blood sugar levels the most.

How many calories should you eat daily if you have diabetes?

If you or you need to lose weight, then you need to significantly limit your daily caloric intake.

Eat from 1200 to 1600 calories per day if you:

• petite and physically active woman;
• a small or average weight woman who wants to lose weight;
• an average-weight woman who does not engage in physical activity.

Consult your doctor about your caloric intake. It will be very good if you write down what you eat and count calories.

Consume from 1600 to 2000 kcal per day if you:

• a large woman who wants to lose weight;
• a small man of a healthy weight;
• a man of average weight, not very physically active;
• a man of average or overweight who wants to lose weight.

Eat from 2000 to 2400 calories per day if you:

• a medium-sized or large man who does a lot of exercise or has a lot of physical activity during the day;
• a large man at a healthy weight;
• a woman of average or overweight who exercises a lot or is physically active during the day.

Create your own food pyramid!

Print this pyramid and enter the number of servings you eat next to the name of each food group. You can take it to your doctor to evaluate your diet.

Starches are breads, cereals, cereals, pasta and starchy vegetables such as corn and potatoes. They provide the body with carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. Whole grains are healthier because they contain more vitamins, minerals and fiber.

Eat starches at every meal. This type of food is the healthiest for everyone, including diabetics.

Examples of foods containing starch:

• Potato
• Flatbread
• Pasta
• Beans
• Corn
• Crackers
• Lentils

Baked goods also contain a lot of starch - rolls, cookies, cakes, but they should not be consumed if you have diabetes, because they contain a lot of calories and quickly digestible carbohydrates.

1 serving (1 bread unit) starches:

1 regular piece of bread;

1 small potato;

50 grams of porridge.

Which starchy foods are preferable?

• Eat whole grain breads and cereals.
• Eat less fried and high-fat starches. These include: chips, French fries, cakes or cookies. Try low-fat popcorn, baked potatoes or low-fat muffins.
• Use low-fat or low-fat cottage cheese. Choose low-fat or 5-15% sour cream instead of regular fat.
• Use mustard instead of mayonnaise on sandwiches.

Vegetables

The healthiest vegetables for diabetes:

• Salad
• Broccoli
• Vegetable juices
• Spinach
• bell pepper
• Celery
• Carrot
• Chili pepper
• Green beans
• Tomatoes
• cucumbers
• Greens (dill, parsley, green onions)
• Cabbage
• Cauliflower and Brussels sprouts

1 serving of vegetables:

1 cup vegetable salad;

150 gr. boiled carrots;

150 gr. green beans;

150 gr. broccoli;

150 gr. vegetable juice.

The healthiest ways to eat vegetables for diabetes:

• Eat raw and cooked vegetables with little or no fat and completely avoid mayonnaise and sauces.
• Eat salads made from raw vegetables more often.
• Baste steamed vegetables with a little water or lean broth.
• Mix finely chopped onion or garlic in a mortar and sprinkle the mixture over the vegetables.
• Use a little vinegar or lemon juice.
• Add a small piece of lean ham or smoked turkey instead of fat to vegetables when cooking them.
• Sprinkle vegetables with herbs and spices.
• Vegetable salads can be topped with 1 spoon of olive, flaxseed, sunflower or rapeseed oil. Here you need to take into account the calorie content of vegetable oil, because... 1 tablespoon (12 g) contains 140 kcal.

Provides energy, vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. allowed for diabetes:

• Apples
• Bananas
• Mango
• Fruit juice
• Guava
• Oranges
• Papaya
• Dried fruits
• Watermelon
• Berries
• Grapefruits
• Peaches

1 serving of fruit:

1 small apple;

½ glass of fruit juice;

½ grapefruit;

Helpful tips for eating fruit:

• Eat raw or cooked, and fruit juices are allowed without added sugar. Diabetics can also eat canned in their own juice and dried.
• It’s better to eat yourself rather than drink fruit juices, because... more satisfying and contain more healthy fiber.
• Avoid fruit desserts that contain a lot of sugar.

Milk

Milk provides the body with carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, vitamins and minerals.

One serving of milk:

1 cup of milk or 1 glass of kefir.

Tips for healthy dairy consumption:

• Drink skim or low fat (1%) milk.
• Eat low-fat yogurts or low-fat fruit yogurt.
• It is advisable to replace sour cream with plain low-fat yogurt.

Meat and meat substitutes (protein products)

The meat and meat substitutes group includes meat, poultry, eggs, cheese, fish and tofu. Eat small amounts of these foods every day.

Meat and meat substitutes provide the body with protein, vitamins and minerals.

This product group includes:

• Chicken
• Beef
• Peanut butter
• Pork
• Lamb
• Canned tuna or other fish
• Cottage cheese
• Turkey

One serving from this food group weighs approximately 80 grams.

Healthy ways to eat meat or meat substitutes:

• Choose lean cuts of beef, pork, ham or lamb. Excess fat must be trimmed off.
• Eat skinless chicken or turkey.
• It is better not to fry meat or chicken, but to boil or grill, steam or microwave.
• To add more flavor, use vinegar, lemon juice, soy sauce, barbecue sauce, herbs and spices.
• To avoid using oil, cook eggs in a non-stick pan.
• Limit nuts, peanut butter and fried foods in your diet as... they contain a lot of fat.
• Check the labels. Choose low-fat or fat-free cheeses.

Fats and sweets (fast carbohydrates) - why should they be limited?

Limit the amount of fat and sweets you eat. Fats and sweets are not as nutritious as other foods. Fats contain many calories. Sweets can contain large amounts of fat and carbohydrates. Some contain saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol, which increase the risk of heart disease. Limiting these foods will help you lose weight and keep your blood sugar and fat levels under control.

Examples of fats:

• Vegetable oils
• Avocado
• Butter
• Margarine
• Olive
• Cream cheese
• Mayonnaise
• Bacon

Examples of sweets:

• Cakes
• Pies
• Cookie
• Ice cream
• Syrups
• Donuts

One serving of sweets:

• One donut.
• Four pieces of chocolate.
• One tablespoon maple syrup.

One serving of fat:

• One strip of bacon;
• One teaspoon of oil;
• 5 grams of butter;
• 0.5 avocado.

Alcoholic drinks

Alcohol contains many calories, but it does not contain nutrients. If you drink an alcoholic drink on an empty stomach, it can greatly lower your blood sugar levels. Alcohol also increases blood fat levels (lipid profile). If you want to drink alcohol, talk to your doctor about how it will fit into your diet plan.

Your diet plan for diabetes (table)

Plan your meals and snacks throughout the day. Show this completed chart to your doctor.

Breakfast
Product group		Quantity
Snack
Product group		Quantity
Dinner
Product group		Quantity
Snack
Product group		Quantity
Dinner
Product group		Quantity
Snack before bed
Product group		Quantity

Nutrition when sick

Take care of yourself when you are sick. Illness can make your blood glucose levels high. Follow these guidelines if you are sick:

• Check your blood sugar every 4 hours. Record your results.
• Continue taking your diabetes medications. You need them even if your appetite is low. If necessary, the dosage of insulin or glucose-lowering tablets can be increased by 10-20%.
• Drink at least one glass of water or other non-caffeinated liquid every hour outside of bedtime.
• If you can't eat your regular foods due to decreased appetite, try drinking juice, eating crackers, popsicles, or soup.
• If you can't eat at all, drink something sweet because you need calories. If you can't eat enough, you increase your risk of getting ulcers, so keep something sweet on hand.
• In type 1 diabetes, when blood sugar levels remain high for a period of time, the body begins to produce ketones. This condition can lead to a dangerous condition called ketoacidosis. Test your urine or blood for ketones if your blood glucose level is above 13.4 mmol/L.
• Call your doctor right away if:
• blood glucose level was above 13.4 mmol/l for more than one day;
• you have ketones;
• you feel unusually sleepy;
• you have rapid breathing;
• you cannot think clearly;
• you vomited more than once;
• your breath smells of acetone or fruit.

A disease such as diabetes requires dietary restriction. Particular attention should be paid to your diet if the disease is associated with excess weight. In order to correctly compose your diet, you need to familiarize yourself with the calorie table.

Calorie table of foods allowed for diabetics

Vegetables are a must for people who are diabetic or prone to the disease, and also have problems with high blood sugar levels.

	Calories per 100 g	Carbohydrates per 100 g
Zucchini	25	5.5
Beet	50	10.8
Red pepper	30	5.5
Cucumber	15	3.1
Tomatoes	20	3.5
Carrot	34	7
Onions	41	8.5
Eggplant	25	5.5
White cabbage	27	1.8
Leaf lettuce	17	2.2
Potato	85	20
Pumpkin	25	4

Some vegetables, which are almost entirely water, have negative calories. In other words, to digest them it is necessary to expend more energy than the body receives as a result. However, you cannot eat vegetables alone, since they are not able to satisfy all the body's needs.

Problems with the thyroid gland and disturbances in the levels of the hormones TSH, T3 and T4 can lead to serious consequences such as hypothyroid coma or thyrotoxic crisis, which are often fatal.
Normalizes sugar production and returns to normal life!...

Calorie content of fruits

Apples	45	11
Pear	44	11
Orange	37	9
Bananas	95	22
Grape	85	20
Pomegranate	50	12
Mandarin	35	9
Persimmon	65	16
Dates	300	70
Watermelon	25	6
Melon	40	9
Kiwi	48	8
Cherry	50	11
Currant	35	8
Raspberry	40	9
Strawberry	35	8
Blueberry	36	9
Cranberry	20	5
Raisin	295	72
Prunes	270	66

Flour products

Flour products contain a large amount of fast carbohydrates; such compounds are quickly digested, as a result of which blood sugar rises too quickly. This increase leads to the release of insulin. Of course, there are flour products that can be eaten by diabetics.

These include:

• Coarse wheat bread.
• Bread with bran.

Such products contain a large amount of coarse fibers, which cleanse the intestines of toxic compounds, thus improving the process of food absorption.

Cereals

A food product such as cereals is an integral part of any dietary diet. Porridges contain complex carbohydrates, which, unlike simple ones, are absorbed much more slowly, prolonging the feeling of fullness for a long time and saturating the body with the energy it needs.

The list of healthy cereals includes:

Nuts

Although nuts are very high in calories, they are an excellent source of not only vegetable fat, but also protein. Just don't eat too much of this product. The calorie content of nuts is as follows:

Fish

It should also be in the diet. This product allows you to replenish the body's need for polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as protein. However, you should not eat too much fatty fish and cook it in a way that increases its calorie content, for example, frying it in a lot of oil.

It is best to bake or boil fish. It is best to give preference to sea fish; although it is fattier, it is more nutritious and has fewer bones.

Different types of fish have different caloric content:

Dairy products

Necessary to provide the body with protein, calcium and milk fat. If you have diabetes or a tendency to it, you need to consume low-fat cottage cheese, kefir, low-fat milk and other low-fat foods.

Meat

If you have diabetes of any type, as well as a predisposition to this disease, you must avoid fatty meats. These varieties are pork and fatty parts of beef carcass. In this state of the body, it is necessary to choose lean beef, eat a small amount of it and prepare only dietary dishes.

It is best to give preference to dietary meat varieties.

Sugar substitute

Natural and artificial compounds can be used as sugar substitutes. The list of natural ones includes:

• Stevia– has no energy value, while 1 gram of sweetness is equal to 300 grams of sugar;
• Fructose– 375 kilocalories;
• Xylitol– 367 kilocalories.

It is worth considering that some of these substitutes are less sweet, so much more of them are added. So the advantage in the form of low calorie content is covered.