No medicine saves as many lives as antibiotics.

Therefore, we have the right to call the creation of antibiotics greatest event, and their creators – great. Penicillin was accidentally discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Widespread production of penicillin was opened only in 1943.

What is an antibiotic?

Antibiotics are substances of either biological or semi-synthetic origin that can have a negative effect (inhibit the vital activity or cause complete death) of various pathogenic microorganisms (usually bacteria, less often protozoa, etc.).

The main natural producers of antibiotics are molds - penicillium, cephalosporium and others (penicillin, cephalosporin); actinomycetes (tetracycline, streptomycin), some bacteria (gramicidin), higher plants (phytoncides).

There are two main mechanisms of action of antibiotics:

1) Bactericidal mechanism- complete suppression of bacterial growth through action on the vital cellular structures of microorganisms, therefore causing their irreversible death. They are called bactericidal, they destroy microbes. For example, penicillin, cephalexin, and gentamicin can act in this way. The effect of the bactericidal drug will come faster.

2) Bacteriostatic mechanism- preventing the proliferation of bacteria, the growth of microbial colonies is inhibited, and the body itself, more precisely, the cells of the immune system - leukocytes, have a detrimental effect on them. This is how erythromycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol act. If you do not complete the full course of treatment and stop taking the bacteriostatic antibiotic early, the symptoms of the disease will return.

What types of antibiotics are there?

I. According to the mechanism of action:
- Bactericidal antibiotics (penicillin group, streptomycin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, polymyxin, gramicidin, rifampicin, ristomycin)
- Bacteriostatic antibiotics (macrolides, tetracycline group, chloramphenicol, lincomycin)

II. According to the spectrum of action:
- Broad spectrum(prescribed for unknown pathogens, have a wide range antibacterial action many are pathogenic, but there is a small probability of death of representatives of normal microflora various systems organism). Examples: ampicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, macrolides, carbapenems.
- Narrow spectrum:
1) With a predominant effect on gr+ bacteria and cocci - staphylococci, streptococci (penicillins, I-II generation cephalosporins, lincomycin, fusidine, vancomycin);
2) With a predominant effect on gr-bacteria, for example, E. coli and others (cephalosporins III generation, aminoglycosides, aztreonam, polymyxins).
*- gram + or gram- differ from each other in Gram staining and microscopy (gram+ are stained purple, and gram- reddish).
- Other narrow-spectrum antibiotics:
1) Antituberculosis (streptomycin, rifampicin, florimycin)
2) Antifungals (nystatin, levorin, amphotericin B, batrafen)
3) Against protozoa (monomycin)
4) Antitumor (actinomycins)

III. By generation: There are antibiotics of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generations.
For example, cephalosporins, which are divided into 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation drugs:

I generation: cefazolin (kefzol), cephalothin (keflin), cephaloridine (zeporin), cephalexin (kefexin), cefradine, cefapirin, cefadroxil.
II generation: cefuroxime (ketocef), cefaclor (Vercef), cefotaxime (claforon), cefotiam, cefotetan.
III generation: cefotriaxone (Longacef, Rocephin), cefonerazole (Cefobit), ceftazidime (Cefadim, Myrocef, Fortum), cefotaxime, cefixime, cefroxidine, ceftizoxime, cefrpyridoxime.
IV generation: cefoxitin (mefoxin), cefmetazole, cefpirome.

The newer generation of antibiotics differs from the previous one in a wider spectrum of action on microorganisms, greater safety for the human body (that is, a lower frequency of adverse reactions), more convenient reception(if the first generation drug needs to be administered 4 times a day, then the 3rd and 4th generations - only 1-2 times a day) are considered more “reliable” (higher efficiency in bacterial foci, and, accordingly, earlier onset therapeutic effect). Also modern drugs last generations have oral forms (tablets, syrups) with a single dose during the day, which is convenient for most people.

How can antibiotics be introduced into the body?

1) By mouth or orally(tablets, capsules, drops, syrups). It is worth keeping in mind that a number of drugs are poorly absorbed in the stomach or are simply destroyed (penicillin, aminoglycosides, carbapinems).
2) Into the internal environment of the body or parenterally(intramuscular, intravenous, into the spinal canal)
3) Directly into the rectum or rectum(in enemas)
The onset of effect when taking antibiotics by mouth (orally) is expected to take longer than when administered parenterally. Accordingly, in severe cases of disease, parenteral administration is given absolute preference.

After administration, the antibiotic ends up in the blood and then in a specific organ. There is a favorite localization of certain drugs in certain organs and systems. Accordingly, for a particular disease, drugs are prescribed taking into account of this property antibiotic. For example, for pathology in bone tissue, lincomycin is prescribed, for hearing organs - semi-synthetic penicillins, etc. Azithromycin has a unique ability to distribute: in case of pneumonia, it accumulates in the lung tissue, and in case of pyelonephritis - in the kidneys.

Antibiotics are eliminated from the body in several ways: with urine unchanged - all water-soluble antibiotics are eliminated (example: penicillins, cephalosporins); with urine in a modified form (example: tetracyclines, aminoglycosides); with urine and bile (example: tetracycline, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin).

Reminder for the patient before taking an antibiotic

Before you are prescribed an antibiotic, tell your doctor:
- About your past history of side effects from medications.
- About the development in the past of allergic reactions to medications.
- About the current use of other treatment and the compatibility of already prescribed medications with the required medications now.
- About the presence of pregnancy or the need to breastfeed.

You need to know (ask your doctor or find it in the instructions for the drug):
- What is the dose of the drug and the frequency of administration during the day?
- Is special nutrition required during treatment?
- Course of treatment (how long to take the antibiotic)?
- Possible side effects of the drug.
- For oral forms – connection of taking the medicine with food intake.
- Is it necessary to prevent side effects (for example, intestinal dysbiosis, for the prevention of which probiotics are prescribed).

When to consult a doctor when taking antibiotics:
- If signs of an allergic reaction appear (skin rash, itching, shortness of breath, swelling of the throat, etc.).
- If within 3 days of taking there is no improvement, but on the contrary, new symptoms have appeared.

Features of taking antibiotics:

When taken orally, the time of taking the drug is important (antibiotics can bind to food components in digestive tract and the subsequent formation of insoluble and slightly soluble compounds that are poorly absorbed into the general bloodstream, accordingly, the effect of the drug will be poor).

An important condition is the creation of an average therapeutic concentration of the antibiotic in the blood, that is, a sufficient concentration to achieve the desired result. That is why it is important to follow all doses and frequency of administration during the day prescribed by your doctor.

Currently, the problem of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms (resistance of microorganisms to the action of antibacterial drugs). The causes of antibiotic resistance can be self-medication without the participation of a doctor; interrupting the course of treatment (this certainly affects the lack of full effect and “trains” the microbe); prescribing antibiotics for viral infections (this group of drugs does not act on intracellular microorganisms, which are viruses, so improper antibiotic treatment of viral diseases only causes more pronounced immunodeficiency).

Another important issue is the development of adverse reactions during antibiotic therapy (indigestion, dysbacteriosis, individual intolerance and others).

These problems can be solved by rational antibiotic therapy(competent prescription of a drug for a specific disease, taking into account its preferred concentration in a specific organ and system, as well as professional prescription of a therapeutic dose and a sufficient course of treatment). New antibacterial drugs are also being created.

General rules for taking antibiotics:

1) Any antibiotic should be prescribed only by a doctor!

2) Self-medication with antibiotics for viral infections is strictly not recommended (usually motivated by the prevention of complications). You may make the viral infection worse. You should only think about taking it if the fever persists for more than 3 days or if there is an exacerbation of a chronic bacterial outbreak. Only a doctor can determine the obvious indications!

3) Carefully follow the prescribed course of antibiotic treatment prescribed by your doctor. Under no circumstances should you stop taking it after you feel better. The disease will definitely return.

4) Do not adjust the dosage of the drug during treatment. In small doses, antibiotics are dangerous and affect the development of bacterial resistance. For example, if it seems to you that 2 tablets 4 times a day is somehow too much, it’s better to take 1 tablet 3 times a day, then it is likely that you will soon need 1 injection 4 times a day, since the tablets will stop working.

5) Antibiotics should be taken with 0.5-1 glass of water. Don’t try to experiment and wash them down with tea, juice, and especially milk. You will drink them “in vain.” Milk and dairy products should be taken no earlier than 4 hours after taking the antibiotic or completely avoid them during the course of therapy.

6) Observe a certain frequency and order of taking the drug and food ( different drugs taken in different ways: before, during, after meals).

7) Strictly adhere to the specified time of taking the antibiotic. If 1 time a day, then at the same time, if 2 times a day, then strictly after 12 hours, if 3 times, then after 8 hours, if 4 times, then after 6 hours, and so on. This is important for creating a certain concentration of the drug in the body. If you suddenly missed the time for taking it, take the drug as soon as possible.

8) Taking an antibiotic requires a significant reduction in physical activity and a complete refusal to play sports.

9) There are certain interactions of some drugs with each other. For example, action hormonal contraceptives decreases when taking antibiotics. Taking antacids (Maalox, Rennie, Almagel and others), as well as enterosorbents ( activated carbon, white coal, enterosgel, polyphepam and others) may affect the absorption of the antibiotic, so simultaneous use of these drugs is not recommended.

10) Do not drink alcohol (alcohol) during the course of antibiotic treatment.

Possibility of using antibiotics in pregnant and lactating women

Safe for indications (i.e. presence obvious benefit with minimal harm): penicillins, cephalosporins during the entire period of pregnancy and lactation (however, the child may develop intestinal dysbiosis). After the 12th week of pregnancy, drugs from the macrolide group can be prescribed. Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and fluoroquinolones are contraindicated during pregnancy.

The need for antibiotic treatment in children

According to statistics, up to 70-85% of children with purely viral infections in Russia receive antibiotics, that is, antibiotics were not indicated for these children. At the same time, it is known that it is antibacterial drugs that provoke the development of bronchial asthma in children! In reality, antibiotics need to be prescribed to only 5-10% of children with ARVI, and only if a complication occurs in the form of a bacterial outbreak. According to statistics, complications are detected in only 2.5% of children not treated with antibiotics, and complications are registered twice as often in those treated without any reason.

A doctor and only a doctor identifies indications for prescribing antibiotics in a sick child: they may cause an exacerbation chronic bronchitis, chronic otitis, sinusitis and sinusitis, developing pneumonia and the like. Also, one should not hesitate to prescribe antibiotics for mycobacterial infection (tuberculosis), where specific antibacterial drugs are key in the treatment regimen.

Side effects of antibiotics:

1. Allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock, allergic dermatoses, Quincke's edema, asthmatic bronchitis)
2. Toxic effect on the liver (tetracyclines, rifampicin, erythromycin, sulfonamides)
3. Toxic effect on the hematopoietic system (chloramphenicol, rifampicin, streptomycin)
4. Toxic effect on digestive system(tetracycline, erythromycin)
5. Complex toxic - auditory neuritis, optic nerve damage, vestibular disorders, possible development polyneuritis, toxic kidney damage (aminoglycosides)
6. Jarisch-Heitzheimer reaction (endotoxin shock) - occurs when a bactericidal antibiotic is prescribed, which leads to an “endotoxin shock” as a result of massive destruction of bacteria. It develops more often with the following infections (meningococcemia, typhoid fever, leptospirosis, etc.).
7. Intestinal dysbiosis – imbalance normal flora intestines.

Antibiotics, in addition to pathogenic microbes, kill both representatives of normal microflora and opportunistic microorganisms with which your immune system was already “familiar” and restrained their growth. After treatment with antibiotics, the body is actively populated by new microorganisms, which the immune system takes time to recognize; in addition, those microbes are activated that are not affected by the antibiotic used. Hence the symptoms of decreased immunity during antibiotic therapy.

Recommendations for patients after a course of antibiotic therapy:

After any course of antibiotic treatment, recovery is necessary. This is due, first of all, to the inevitable side effects of drugs of any severity.

1. Follow a gentle diet, avoiding spicy, fried, salty foods and frequent (5 times a day) small portions for 14 days.
2. In order to correct digestive disorders, it is recommended enzyme preparations(Creon, Micrazim, Ermital, pancitrate 10 thousand IU or 1 capsule 3 times a day for 10-14 days).
3. In order to correct intestinal dysbiosis (disturbances in the ratio of representatives of normal flora), probiotics are recommended.
- Bactisubtil 1 capsule 3 times a day for 7-10 days,
- Bifiform 1 tablet 2 times a day for 10 days,
- Linnex1 caps 2-3 r/day 7-10 days,
- Bifidumbacterin forte 5-10 doses 2 times a day for 10 days,
- Acipol 1 caps 3-4 times a day for 10-14 days.
4. After taking hepatotoxic drugs (for example, tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfonamides, rifampicin), it is recommended to take plant-based hepatoprotectors: hepatrin, ovesol (1 caps or tablet 2-3 times a day), Karsil (2 tablets 3 times a day) within 14-21 days.
5. After a course of antibiotics, it is recommended to take herbal immunomodulators (immunal, echinacea solutions) and avoid hypothermia.

Infectious disease doctor N.I. Bykova

Medicine made a big step forward in the 30s of the twentieth century, when penicillin was discovered. There is an opportunity to cure many infectious diseases, from which many people died at one time. Antibacterial drugs can suppress vital activity and also kill pathogenic bacteria. Along with effectiveness, there are also side effects of antibiotics (after or during their use).

Side effects are a number of pathophysiological processes that develop in the human body when consuming this or that medicine. The occurrence of undesirable results is due to the action of the antibacterial drug itself. Also play a role individual characteristics body work.

Of no small importance in the development of side effects from antibiotics is an increase in dosage, frequency of administration and duration of the therapeutic course. There is a direct relationship between these indicators and the severity of undesirable consequences.

The pharmacological form of the drug (tablets, capsules, injections) is of great importance. For example, nausea is a more common manifestation of the use of antibiotic tablets.

Effects on the gastrointestinal tract

The effect of drugs on the gastrointestinal tract can manifest itself in the form of impaired intestinal motility and the development of dysbiosis. Most often, these two factors are combined. Dysbacteriosis is due to a wide spectrum of action on all strains of bacteria, including those beneficial to the small and large intestines. A decrease in their titer leads to improper functioning of the intestines and the inability to resist existing pathogens. Typical symptoms are:

• Flatulence.
• Abdominal pain (aching or cutting).
• Loose stools or development of constipation.

When taking the medicine internally, a feeling of nausea, a burning sensation in the stomach occurs, and vomiting may develop. This is due to irritation of its mucous membrane and initial parts small intestine. In fact, for this reason, taking many antibiotics is recommended after or during meals. Sometimes, to avoid such manifestations, tablets and capsules are replaced with injectable forms.

Toxic drugs for the gastrointestinal tract are:

• Cephalosporins.
• Aminoglycosides.
• Tetracyclines.
• Erythromycin.

A serious complication is the development of vitamin K deficiency, which leads to hemorrhage. It is expressed in bleeding gums, nosebleeds, the occurrence of hematomas under the skin, microbleeds in the gastrointestinal mucosa.

The surest way to avoid such phenomena is to prescribe narrow-spectrum antibiotics or, if replacement/cancellation is not possible, concomitantly prescribe probiotics (Bifiform, Linex, Hilak, Colibacterin). Eubiotics contain a strain of beneficial bacteria that colonize the intestinal mucosa.

Allergy

Side effects in the form of an allergic reaction can occur to an antibiotic of any group. This effect is explained by personal intolerance to the components of the drug. In this case, the drug acts as an antigen (foreign substance), in response to which the immune system produces protein complexes - antibodies.

Most often, allergies occur to penicillins and cephalosporins. Given the similarity in the structure of these drugs, replacing one with another is prohibited, as there is a possibility of a cross-reaction.

Allergy symptoms can be local or generalized:

• Allergic rashes, burning skin, itching, scratching.
• Asthmatic bronchitis.
• Quincke's edema.
• Hives.
• Anaphylactic shock.
• Stephen-Jones syndrome is a toxic necrolysis of skin cells.

Such manifestations can cause irreparable harm to a person’s health, moreover, lead to fatal outcome. Therefore, an examination by a specialist is required to take into account the medical history and allergy status of the patient. It is allowed to test for a specific type of antibiotic. If complications arise at home, immediately call an ambulance.

Due to serious complications, self-prescription antibacterial agents contraindicated.

Thrush

Candidiasis is an infection caused by fungi belonging to the yeast-like genus Candida. Candida is considered to be an opportunistic flora - normally it can be present in a smear from oral cavity, vagina, intestines. Their numbers are controlled beneficial microorganisms. Since the antibacterial drug wide range action inhibits the work of not only pathogenic microflora, but against the background of this, fungi begin to actively grow and multiply.

Sometimes when taking antibiotics for a long time, doctors prescribe antifungal drug. He might be like systemic action, and local with the simultaneous use of an antiseptic.

Liver and kidneys

Manifestations of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity usually occur in individuals who already have liver and kidney damage, in particular glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, hepatitis varying degrees severity and etiology, hepatosis. Symptoms of deterioration include:

1. Darkening of urine, lightening of stool, discoloration skin(jaundice), yellowing of the sclera, hyperthermia - develops toxic effect to the liver. IN biochemical analysis blood, liver markers change: bilirubin, ALT, AST, cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoproteins.
2. Decrease/increase in the volume of urine excreted, painful sensations V lumbar region, the occurrence of irrepressible thirst, a possible increase in body temperature - a toxic effect on the kidneys develops. In the blood test, the level of urea and creatinine increases. In the general analysis of urine: increased density, the appearance of salts, protein, glucose, red blood cells, leukocytes.

Before using the medicine, it is advisable to undergo an examination by a specialist, as well as find out about existing chronic diseases. The doctor will be able to select the required therapeutic dose and prescribe the duration of treatment, taking into account the pathologies.

The following have hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects:

• Tetracyclines.
• Erythromycin.
• Rifampicin.
• Sulfonamides.

Nervous system

The group of drugs of the tetracycline series and aminoglycosides have the greatest neurotoxicity. They are able to affect the myelin sheath of nerve fibers. With a short course of treatment, headaches, dizziness, heaviness in the occipital and temporal region. Signs of significant toxicity include:

• Dysfunction of the visual, auditory pathways, which leads to partial or complete loss vision and hearing.
• Vestibulopathies – loss of coordination, tendency to motion sickness, manifestation of seasickness.
• Toxic damage to the innervation of the kidneys.
• Development of generalized polyneuropathy.

The prescription of such groups of drugs is prohibited in childhood because complications are inevitable.

Blood

Long-term use of chloramphenicol leads to disturbances in the rheological properties of the blood and the development of severe anemia:

• Hemolytic anemia is a pathological condition in which blood cells are destroyed due to the deposition of drug metabolites on them.
• Aplastic anemia. It develops against the background of the influence of active substances on the sprouts of red bone marrow.

If Chloramphenicol is unavoidably prescribed, monitoring of blood tests over time is mandatory.

Shock

Endotoxic shock develops when taking bactericidal agents– poisoning by toxins occurs as a result of destruction pathogenic bacteria. This common complication in the treatment of meningitis, meningococcal infection, typhoid fever, leptospirosis.

Sometimes side effects from antibiotics develop when the wrong way introduction or non-compliance with asepsis rules. Intramuscular injection may be complicated by painful infiltrate, abscess, intravenous - phlebitis. When taken orally - inflammation of areas of the gastric mucosa, duodenum, with local – dermatitis, inflammation of the conjunctiva.

Penicillins are bactericidal antibiotics and include natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs. All penicillins are cross-allergenic. Hypersensitivity to penicillins is detected in 1-10% of treated patients, but severe reactions with the development of anaphylactic shock occur in 0.01 to 0.05%, death with timely treatment medical care with the development of anaphylactic shock is observed in 0.002% of patients.

In addition to anaphylactic shock, clinical allergy pathology to penicillins manifests itself in the form of myocarditis, the development mechanism of which is based on HRT, and dermatological variants in the form of urticaria, erythematous or morbilliform rash. An urticarial rash is also observed, but it is not a true allergy to penicillins; it most often occurs when ampicillin is used (9%). A maculopapular rash is often observed, appearing on days 3-14 after starting medication; more often, it is first localized on the torso and spreads peripherally. The rash to penicillin in most patients is not pronounced and subsides after 6-14 days, despite continued use of the drug. In children, rash during treatment with ampicillin occurs in 5-10% of cases. It develops more often in women than in men. A co-factor for the development of rash during treatment with penicillins is viral diseases; it occurs in 50-80% of patients with infectious mononucleosis who were treated with ampicillin. Maculopapular rash occurs even more often (in 90%) in patients with lymphocytic leukemia and in a high percentage of cases in persons with reticulosarcoma and other lymphomas, which is quite understandable, since the immunodeficiency characteristic of these patients determines the formation of allergic pathology, including to penicillins.

Drugs penicillin series amoxicillin and ampicillin cause allergic reactions in the form of urticaria, erythema, Quincke's edema, rhinitis, conjunctivitis. Fever, joint pain, and eosinophilia sometimes develop. Anaphylactic shock develops extremely rarely. Benzylpenicillin can cause a similar clinical picture of allergy pathology. It causes anaphylactic shock more often than other penicillin drugs.

Tetracyclines Compared to penicillins, they are much less likely to cause sensitization. This may be due to some extent to their immunosuppressive properties. Allergic reactions to tetracyclines are more often manifested by skin rashes, itching, fever, arthralgia, although rarely, anaphylactic shock is possible.

Levomycetin(chloramphenicol) has a toxic effect mainly on the blood and hematopoietic system, but this effect is observed only with long-term use drug. The most serious complication - irreversible aplastic anemia, leading to death, can develop with therapeutic doses of the drug.

Polymyxins may have nephro- and neurotoxicity, as well as parenteral use- local irritant effect. The nephrotoxic effect of polymyxins is caused by damage to the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys and is characterized by albuminuria, hematuria, swelling and degeneration of tubular cells. In most cases, the renal tubular epithelium is completely restored after drug withdrawal. The neurotoxic effect of polymyxins is usually associated with their overdose and is manifested by ataxia, nystagmus, and loss of sensitivity. These symptoms usually resolve quickly, especially with the introduction of antihistamines.

U 4% patients are caused by hypersensitivity reactions to polymyxins in the form of fever, maculopapular rash and other skin reactions.

Cephalosporim have a beta-lactam core in common with penicillins, which makes it possible for 2-10% of patients to cross-react with penicillins. In this case, anaphylactic shock, urticaria, angioedema, generalized erythema, maculopapular exanthema, fever, and eosinophilia may develop. In people with hypersensitivity to penicillin, allergic reactions to cephalosporin develop 5-6 times more often. Due to the presence of cross-reactions with penicillins, the use of these drugs in case of allergy to penicillin is excluded.

Allergic reactions to tetracycline antibiotics are rare and include maculopapular, morbilliform or erythematous rashes, exfoliative dermatitis, multiple erythema, urticaria, itching, angioedema, asthma, drug rashes on the genitals and other areas, pericarditis, exacerbation of SLE, hyperthermia, headache and joint pain. Photodermatitis develops within a few minutes to several hours after the patient is exposed to the sun and usually disappears within 1-2 hours after stopping tetracyclines. In most cases, photosensitive reactions occur as a result of drug accumulation in the skin and are essentially phototoxic, but can also be photoallergic. As a rule, patients who have hypersensitivity to one of the tetracycline derivatives have increased sensitivity to all tetracyclines. At long-term treatment tetracyclines may cause such adverse reactions as leukocytosis, neutropenia, leukopenia, the appearance of atypical lymphocytes, toxic granulation of neutrophils, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, decreased migration of leukocytes and inhibition of phagocytosis processes.

In the group of macrolides More often, adverse reactions to erythromycin are observed in the form of cholestasis, which develops on the 10-12th days of taking the drug, and erythromycin estolate, in addition, can cause liver damage.

Main side effect aminoglycosides- neurotoxic effect, which is most pronounced with intravenous antibiotics and manifests itself sharp decline blood pressure and respiratory depression, often leading to death. This is due to the inhibitory effect of aminoglycosides on the vasomotor and respiratory centers. Antibiotics of this group in high concentrations, which occurs with rapid intravenous administration, have a curare-like and ganglion-blocking effect, which can lead to respiratory arrest by blocking impulse transmission in the nerve fibers of the respiratory muscles. With prolonged use, aminoglycosides have a toxic effect on the vestibular apparatus and VIII pair cranial nerves, which is manifested by hearing disorders. When administered parenterally, aminoglycosides can damage the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, resulting in decreased glomerular filtration, albuminuria and microhematuria develop. This side effect of aminoglycosides can be minimized by avoiding them whenever possible. intravenous administration, and if necessary, injections into a vein should be carried out slowly, precise therapeutic doses should be prescribed and the course of treatment should not be delayed, and antibiotics of this group should not be used in combination with other drugs that have neuro- and nephrotoxic effects.

Among the aminoglycosides, the first and widely used antibiotic was streptomycin. But soon after the first years of its use, its ability to cause hearing impairment, which is based on toxic reactions, was revealed. Drug fever, maculopapular rashes and escfoliative dermatitis are allergic in nature. High frequency the development of allergic contact dermatitis is observed in medical personnel and those employed in the pharmaceutical industry.

Streptomycin may cause cross-allergic reactions with neomycin. Some aminoglycosides contain sulfites, which cause allergic reactions, including anaphylactic reactions. Side effects of taking rifampicin are characterized by skin lesions, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, drug fever, and acute renal failure.

Antibiotics of the lincomycin group (lincomycin, clindamycin) can cause allergic reactions in the form of angioedema, serum sickness, anaphylactic or anaphylactoid shock, but this group of side effects is rare. More often toxic reactions are observed in the form of nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, diarrhea, glossitis, stomatitis, reversible leukopenia due to neutropenia, thrombopenia.

Currently, among the main chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of infections, one of the important places is occupied by fluoroquinolones - a large group of highly effective antimicrobial drugs with wide indications for use. The entire group is united by the fact that drugs belong to the class of quinolones with a single mechanism of action on the microbial cell - inhibitors of microbial DNA hydrase.

Non-fluorinated quinolones (for example, nalidixic acid) have a limited spectrum of action with preferential activity against some gram-negative bacteria, mainly from the group of enterobacteriaceae. The pharmacokinetic features of non-fluorinated quinolones allow these drugs to be used for sensitive pathogens only for the treatment of infections. urinary tract and some intestinal infections. Rapid development drug resistance to non-fluorinated quinolones in bacteria significantly limits their use in the clinic. Nitroxoline (syn. 5-nitrox, 5-NOK), related to 8-hydroxyquinolone derivatives, is prohibited in a number of countries due to cases of severe adverse reactions, but continues to be used in our country for infections of the genitourinary system. When treated with it, the most common negative effects are headaches, dizziness, dyspeptic disorders, allergic reactions, the frequency of the latter reaches 5.1%. Among the severe adverse reactions during treatment with 5-NOK are peripheral polyneuritis, manifested by paresthesia and progressive paraplegia, and optic nerve atrophy, which can lead to complete loss of vision. These disorders can be combined with cerebral disorders: lethargy, retrograde amnesia.

The group of fluoroquinolones is represented by monofluoroquinolones - ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin and norfloxacin and the difluoroquinolone lomefloxacin, registered and approved for use in Russia. Abroad, in addition, enoxacin, sparfloxacin, fleroxacin, sufloxacin, rufloxacin are used.

When taking drugs of this group, mild symptoms occur in 1% of patients. skin rashes in combination with eosinophilia, skin itching, urticaria, cutaneous candidiasis, hyperpigmentation, angioedema, swelling of the face, lips, eyelids, development of conjunctivitis. In addition, the development of cardiovascular collapse, paresthesia, swelling of the larynx and face, and urticaria is possible. Ciprofloxacin is contraindicated in patients with a history of allergies to other quinolones.

Summarized data on the most typical adverse reactions of antibiotic therapy are presented in Table. 20.

Table 20

The most common side effects of antibiotic therapy

Quinolones (fluoroquinolones)	Hematological reactions (cytopenia, hemolytic anemia) Hematotoxicity Excitation of the central nervous system (increased seizure threshold) Dyspeptic disorders (dysbacteriosis)
Tetracyclines	Hepatotoxicity Nephrotoxicity Dyspeptic disorders (dysbacteriosis) Hematological changes and vasopathy in children under 8 years of age
Macrolides	Dyspeptic disorders (stimulation of gastrointestinal motility) Hepatotoxicity
Lincosamides	Dyspeptic disorders Pseudomembranous colitis Hepatotoxicity Nephrotoxicity
Polymyxins	Severe nephrotoxicity Neurotoxicity Neuromuscular blockade Thrombocytopenia Hypocalcemia Hypokalemia
Glycopeptides (vancomycin)	Allergic reactions Pancytopenia Ototoxicity Nephrotoxicity Hepatotoxicity Phlebitis, thrombophlebitis
Chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol)	Hematotoxicity (agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, etc.) Neurotoxicity (possible damage to the optic nerve)
Rifampicin	Hepatotoxicity Hematotoxicity (hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia)

Nitrofuran derivatives. As already noted, nitrofuran derivatives, in particular nitrofurantoin, occupy 1st place among drugs in the group antimicrobial agents. These drugs cause side effects when outpatient treatment, which often requires hospitalization of patients. When using nitrofurantoin, the most common gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, vomiting), liver damage, peripheral nervous system, drug fever, allergic reactions in the form skin rashes, anaphylaxis, allergic pathology lungs, hematological disorders. Severe lung pathology at the level of critical condition occurred with a frequency of 1 case per 5000 patients during one course of therapy and 1 case per 716 patients during 10 courses or more. For such a pulmonary pathology, the most typical symptoms are shortness of breath, cough with or without sputum, fever, bronchospasm, as well as myalgia and eosinophilia. During examination, lobar infiltration, pleural effusion, interstitial inflammation, and vasculitis were detected in the lungs. The lesions are reversible, clinical involution occurs quickly after discontinuation of the drug. The pathogenesis of this type of pathology is believed to be allergic.

Nitrofurantoii becomes one of the most common reasons drug-induced hepatitis, especially in older people, predominantly chronic. Hepatitis is caused by necrosis of hepatocytes; cholestatic and mixed liver lesions occur less frequently. With hematotoxic reactions to nitrofurantoins, acute hemolytic anemia most often develops, characteristic of individuals with a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes; occurs with a frequency of 1 case per 100 thousand drug prescriptions. Occasionally, megaloblastic anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia develop.

Sulfonamides belong to low-toxic compounds, but with increased sensitivity of the body, excessive increase in dosage or long-term course of treatment can cause side effects, mainly in the hematopoietic system and kidneys. Pathology of the hematopoietic system caused by sulfonamides is characterized by anemia, cyanosis, methemoglobinemia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, and a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin. At high doses and long-term use of sulfonamides, the number of leukocytes first decreases, mainly due to segmented ones, then the amount of hemoglobin decreases, the resistance of erythrocytes decreases, and methemoglobin appears. The blood composition changes most significantly under the influence of streptocide and norsulfazole.

Since sulfonamides are excreted from the body primarily by the kidneys, their concentration in the kidney often exceeds the solubility limits, and the drugs crystallize into sediment. The appearance of crystalluria and associated renal complications is facilitated by high concentration drug in the urine, decreased diuresis, acidic urine reaction. Enough frequent symptoms side effects of sulfonamides - contact dermatitis, exanthemas, photosensitive dermatitis, drug fever and changes in the blood picture.

Sulfonamides are metabolized by hepatic acetylation and cytochrome P-450, so people with a hereditarily slow type of acetylation are more likely to develop allergies to these drugs. Moreover, the liver can serve as a target organ for the development of drug allergies. Liver lesions induced by drugs can be divided into hepatocellular, cholestatic, vascular and mixed. Liver damage under the influence of sulfonamides is manifested by jaundice, increased activity of transaminases and other characteristics characteristic of acute hepatitis symptoms.

In such cases, suspicion of drug allergies may occur when drug-induced liver damage is combined with rash, eosinophilia and fever. After discontinuation of the drug, the condition usually normalizes within 2 weeks. The course and prognosis of drug-induced hepatitis is most often favorable, but cases have been described acute necrosis liver with fatal outcome.

Antibiotics are the heavy artillery in the fight against bacterial infections. However, you cannot take them thoughtlessly, since along with the benefits they also bring harm. What are the side effects of taking antibiotics? How to be treated with such drugs so that the damage to health is minimal?

Antibiotics: side effects

Antibiotics are medicines of natural (plant, animal, microbial) or semi-synthetic origin. Based on the method of influencing bacteria, there are two types of drugs - bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Medicines of the first type cause the death of microorganisms. Drugs of the second category are aimed at suppressing the growth of bacteria.

Side effects of antibiotics

Antibiotics cause the most significant harm to the intestinal microflora, since together with harmful microbes They destroy useful ones too. As a result, intestinal dysbiosis develops. Its symptoms are constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, and abdominal pain. In children, stool disorder is accompanied by lethargy, decreased appetite, and sleep problems.

Other negative effects of antibiotics include:

• vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and other temporary disorders at work gastrointestinal tract symptoms that occur immediately after taking medications;
• allergic reactions (skin rashes, itching, swelling);
• thrush in the mouth and vagina;
• kidney and liver damage, hemolytic anemia;
• development of resistance (resistance) to drugs in bacteria.

In what cases is taking antibiotics accompanied by side effects? With long-term treatment or a large dose of the drug. The reaction can develop against the background of the body’s individual susceptibility to a particular substance.

How to prevent side effects of antibiotics?

Antibiotic therapy should be carried out under the supervision of a doctor and in strict accordance with his recommendations. Based on test results, course of the disease, age and physical condition patient, the doctor selects the optimal drug. It determines the form and dose, duration of medication.

Sometimes the use of antibiotics leads to serious disruptions in the functioning of organs and systems. To prevent this from happening, it is important to know in what situations you should refrain from taking antibiotics or ask your doctor to choose the most gentle drug.

– drugs that are indispensable in the fight against dangerous bacterial diseases. But in some cases, taking antibiotics can harm your health, causing serious problems in the body.

Antibiotic (antibioticum) translated from Latin means “against life.”

The first antibiotic (penicillin), obtained from mold, had a narrow spectrum of action and was safe for human health. However, modern new generation antibiotics kill all bacteria without exception that are in the body, including beneficial ones. After taking them, the microflora is disrupted, and the immune system is greatly weakened.

To prevent taking antibiotics from worsening the patient’s condition, it is important not only to comply correct dosage, but also have an idea about possible consequences treatment.

Antibiotics - benefits and harms, side effects

Antibacterial drugs are effective for:

• treatment of infectious diseases of the nasopharynx
• severe diseases of the skin (furunculosis, hidradenitis) and mucous membranes
• bronchitis and pneumonia
• genitourinary system infections
• severe poisoning

Antibiotics are often used thoughtlessly and uncontrollably. There will be no benefit from such “treatment”, but it can harm the body. Antibacterial drugs are absolutely ineffective in the treatment of viral diseases. For example, using them to treat acute respiratory viral infections and influenza only adds stress to the body and complicates recovery.

Side effects of antibiotic therapy:

• dysbacteriosis
• allergic manifestations
• toxic effect on the liver, kidneys, ENT organs
• development of microbial resistance to antibiotics
• intoxication of the body resulting from the death of microbes
• violation of the formation of immunity
• high probability repeated illness after finishing antibiotic treatment

IMPORTANT: Long-term use of antibiotics will certainly have side effects, the main one of which is harm to the intestinal microflora.

Video: Antibiotics benefit and harm

How do antibiotics affect and act on viruses and inflammation?

Virus- a protein structure containing a nucleic acid inside. Viral envelope proteins serve as protection for the preservation of hereditary genetic information. When reproducing, viruses reproduce copies of themselves, also equipped with parental genes. To successfully reproduce, viruses have to get inside healthy cells.

If you try to use an antibiotic on a cell infected with a virus, nothing will happen to the virus, because the action of antibiotics is aimed solely at preventing the formation of a cell wall or suppressing protein biosynthesis. Since viruses have neither cell walls nor ribosomes, the antibiotic will be absolutely useless.

In other words, the structure of viruses differs from the structure of bacteria sensitive to antibiotics, therefore, special antiviral drugs are used to suppress the work of viral proteins and interrupt their life processes.

IMPORTANT: Doctors often prescribe antibiotics to treat viral diseases. They do this to overcome bacterial complication occurring against the background of a viral disease.

How do antibiotics affect and act on the heart?

It is a mistaken belief that taking antibiotics does not affect the condition cardiovascular system. Proof of this are the results of an experiment conducted by Danish scientists in 1997 – 2011. During this time, researchers processed the treatment results of more than 5 million people.

For the experiment, volunteers aged 40 to 74 years took antibiotics often used to treat bronchitis, pneumonia and ENT infections for 7 days. The experiment revealed that taking antibiotics such as roxithromycin and clarithromycin increases the risk of cardiac arrest by 75%.

IMPORTANT: As the experiment progressed, it turned out that penicillin is the least dangerous for the heart. Doctors should pay attention to this fact and, if possible, choose this drug for treatment.
In addition, antibiotics slightly increase the electrical activity of the heart, which can trigger arrhythmia.

How do antibiotics affect intestinal microflora and protein digestion?

Antibiotics inhibit the growth of intestinal microflora, gradually destroying it. These drugs are hostile to intestinal bacteria and at the same time resistant to their influence. Thus, taking antibiotics is a step towards suppressing vital functions beneficial microbes and their deaths.

Normal microflora will not be able to recover immediately due to a “hole” in the immune system.
Against this background, new diseases often break out, disruption normal operation systems, organs and tissues.

All food macroelements, including proteins, are digested in upper section small intestine. In this case, a small amount of proteins enters the colon undigested. Here, undigested proteins are broken down into amino acids by microbes that inhabit the large intestine.

As a result of the breakdown of proteins in the colon, compounds that are dangerous to human health can be formed. Their number is so small that with normal microflora they do not have time to cause harm.

However, long-term use of antibiotics can reduce the diversity of the microbiome, making it difficult to digest proteins and slow the elimination of harmful compounds from the intestines.

Taking antibiotics disrupts the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract

How do antibiotics affect conception, spermogram, pregnancy, fetus?

Taking antibacterial drugs slightly reduces, but does not eliminate, the likelihood of pregnancy. If the father or mother was exposed to strong antibiotics at the time of conception, a miscarriage is likely to occur.

The greatest danger from antibiotics for the fetus is up to the 13th week, the most negative period is 3 – 6 weeks. During this period, the child’s organs are formed, and exposure to potent antibacterial drugs will provoke the development of pathologies in the fetus.

Taking antibiotics causes inhibition of spermatogenesis. Male fertility declines by long time, if taking antibacterial agents occurs during early stage spermatogenesis.

Video: The effect of antibiotics on sperm parameters

Against the background of antibiotics, spermatozoa in most cases are damaged and lose their mobility. These defects lead to spontaneous miscarriage in case such spermatozoa took part in fertilization.

After taking antibiotics, the quality of sperm is restored and the spermogram returns to normal, it takes about 3 months. It is after this time that it is permissible to plan a pregnancy. If conception occurred earlier and the development of the embryo proceeds without pathologies or abnormalities, then everything is fine with the sperm.

How do antibiotics affect breast milk?

If a woman needs antibacterial therapy during breastfeeding, then she should not refuse this type of treatment. All antibiotics can be divided into 2 groups:

• allowed during lactation
• prohibited during lactation

The first group includes:

• Penicillins (Augmentin, Ospamox, etc.) - penetrate into breast milk in small concentrations, but can cause allergic reactions and cause loose stool in the child and mother.
• Macrolides (Erythromycin, Clarithromycin) - penetrate well into breast milk, but have no effect negative action on the child's condition.
• Cefolasporins (Cefradin, Ceftriaxone) penetrate into milk in negligibly small doses and do not affect the growth and development of the child.

Antibiotics prohibited during breastfeeding include:

• Sulfonamides - disrupt the exchange of bilirubin in the baby’s body, which can cause the development of jaundice.
• Lincomycin - penetrates into milk in large quantities, disrupts the child’s intestinal function.
• Tetracyclines penetrate into milk and destroy the baby’s tooth enamel and bones.
• Aminoglycosides are highly toxic and negatively affect the condition of the child’s hearing organs and kidneys.
• Fluoroquinolones penetrate into milk in quantities unsafe for the child’s health and disrupt the normal development of cartilage tissue.
• Clindomycin causes the development of colitis.

If a nursing mother is prescribed antibiotics of the second group, there can be no talk of any breastfeeding during the treatment period.

When taking drugs from the first group during breastfeeding, the following rules must be observed:

• Tell your doctor that your baby is breastfed
• do not change the prescribed dose of the drug yourself
• take the medicine immediately after breastfeeding

IMPORTANT: To ensure stock breast milk during the treatment period, express the excess after each feeding and store it in the freezer. After completing the course of antibiotics, lactation can be completely restored.

Almost all antibiotics are excreted by the kidneys. Therefore, if their work changes even slightly, the body is likely to show signs of intoxication.

Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines can damage kidney tissue. The risk is especially high when drugs from these groups are combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory or hormonal drugs. Then in the urine test the indicators of red blood cells and leukocytes will be overestimated, which indicates the presence of inflammatory process genitourinary system.

IMPORTANT: Some antibiotics can change the color of urine (rifampicin makes it bright orange, and nitroxoline makes it deep yellow) and contribute to the formation of kidney stones. During and after taking sulfonamides, ciprofloxacin and nitroxoline, epithelial cells, red blood cells and protein are found in the urine.

Taking broad-spectrum antibiotics can cause the absence of urobilinogen in the urine.
Antibiotics cannot significantly affect the results of a general blood test. The only thing you should pay attention to is ESR indicator and leukocyte formula. It is likely that these data will be somewhat distorted.

How do antibiotics affect hormones?

Some medications can affect hormones, but antibiotics are not one of them. Before taking hormone tests or undergoing any treatment, you must tell your doctor that you are taking an antibacterial drug. But definitely hormonal background will not change in any way from antibiotics of any group.

Antibiotics do not affect the menstrual cycle. It's quite simple to explain. The menstrual cycle has two phases. In the first phase, follicles mature in the ovary under the influence of the pituitary gland. At the same time, the endometrium grows in the uterus under the influence of estrogens. The second phase is characterized by the release of luteotropic hormone in the pituitary gland and the appearance of a mature egg.

Apart from hormones, nothing can affect the process of egg maturation. Since hormones do not change from the action of antibacterial drugs, taking them will not affect the menstrual cycle.

How do antibiotics affect potency?

Serious antibiotics can negatively affect male potency. But if, after taking antibacterial drugs, a man notices a decrease in libido, erectile dysfunction, which causes reluctance to have sex, then there is no need to worry too much. Within a short period of time after the end of treatment, your sex life will return to normal.

IMPORTANT: Despite the fact that potency is restored almost immediately after finishing taking antibiotics, planning a pregnancy will need to be delayed. The qualitative composition of sperm will be restored only 3 months after the end of treatment.

How do antibiotics affect the immune system?

Antibiotics kill indiscriminately all bacteria, both harmful and beneficial, that inhabit the intestines and maintain balance in the body. As a result, in immune system a serious failure occurs.

The uncontrolled growth of yeast fungi disrupts the functioning of the intestines - allergic reactions to food products occur, intestinal permeability increases, diarrhea and abdominal pain appear after eating. In women, often while taking strong antibiotics thrush develops. At the same time, a general deterioration in health, lethargy and poor appetite are normal phenomena.

IMPORTANT: The immune system will suffer more the longer it is exposed to the antibiotic. In this case, the method of administration of the drug does not matter.

To somewhat soften the blow to the immune system, it is recommended to strictly adhere to the dosage of the antibiotic and take probiotics and vitamins prescribed by the doctor.

How do antibiotics affect blood pressure?

If the patient strictly follows the doctor’s instructions, he will not notice any serious changes in his body while taking antibiotics. However, even a slight deviation from the rules for taking antibacterial drugs can lead to serious consequences.

Thus, the pressure may rise sharply, and malfunctions will appear in the functioning of the cardiovascular system if, during antibiotic treatment, the patient consumed alcoholic drink or added any medication yourself.

If the patient notes that each antibiotic intake is accompanied by a change in blood pressure, he must inform the doctor about this. Perhaps the prescribed treatment regimen needs correction.

How do antibiotics affect the stomach and pancreas?

The pancreas and stomach are the most sensitive organs to antibiotics. Disturbances in their work occur due to a decrease in the protective resident flora and an increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms. As a result, a number of complex events occur in the gastrointestinal tract. chemical reactions, impossible in case normal functioning organs.

IMPORTANT: Signs that negative changes have occurred in the gastrointestinal tract after taking antibiotics are stomach pain, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and diarrhea. To minimize the risk of developing these side effects, probiotics are prescribed.

How do antibiotics affect the liver and kidneys?

Liver- This is a kind of filter in the body. If the liver is absolutely healthy, for some time it will be able to withstand increased load without problems, neutralizing toxic substances. But if liver functions are impaired, antibiotic therapy must necessarily be accompanied by the use of hepatoprotectors (Urosan, Gepabene, Karsil).

Kidneys- organ that cleanses the blood harmful substances and maintaining acid-base balance in the body. At healthy kidneys Taking antibiotics for a short time will not have a negative effect.

However, diseases of the urinary system or long-term use of antibiotics can cause changes in the processes of excretion and absorption chemical elements, development of pathological reactions.

IMPORTANT: Signs that antibiotics have impaired kidney function include lower back pain, changes in the amount and color of urine, and an increase in temperature.

How do antibiotics affect the nervous system?

To find out the effect of antibiotics on the nervous system, scientists at the Center for Molecular Medicine conducted a series of studies, which revealed the following:

• short-term use of antibiotics does not affect the functioning and condition of the nervous system
• long-term use of antibiotics not only destroys intestinal bacteria, but also slows down
• production of brain cells, leading to memory impairment
• restoration of the functioning of the nervous system is facilitated by taking immunomodulators and probiotics during the recovery period, as well as physical exercise

From long-term use antibiotics may impair memory

How do antibiotics affect hearing?

It has been proven that some antibiotics can accumulate in the fluid of the ears and cause pathological changes leading to weakened hearing and deafness. Such drugs include:

• streptomycin
• kanamycin
• neomycin
• kanamycin
• gentamicin
• tobramycin
• amikacin
• netilmicin
• sisomicin
• tetracyclines
• erythromycin
• azithromycin
• vancomycin
• polymyxin B
• colistin
• gramicidin
• bacitracin
• mupirocin

The fact that the drugs have side effects in the form of hearing impairment is stated in the instructions for the medicine. However, they are widely used in therapeutic and pediatric practice.

How do antibiotics affect teeth?

To find out the effect of antibacterial drugs on the condition of teeth, medical scientists from Finland conducted a series of experiments, as a result of which it turned out that:

• Taking penicillin and macrolide by children aged 1 to 3 years increases the risk of developing tooth enamel defects
• in school-age children, taking antibiotics in many cases leads to demineralization of the enamel
  most often, demineralization occurs after taking macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, clarithromycin)
• Each new intake of antibacterial drugs increases the risk of developing enamel defects
• result frequent treatment children with the help of antibiotics become molar-incisal hypomineralization and caries
• restoration damaged teeth quickly deteriorates after a course of antibiotics

The negative effect of antibiotics on the tooth enamel of people over 14 years of age is not so pronounced, but their long-term use can also cause harm.

Long-term use of antibiotics reduces hemoglobin. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the body tries to recover on its own, consuming organic iron compounds for this. Iron is necessary for the formation of leukocyte nuclei.

Accordingly, than more serious treatment, those more antibiotics the functions of organs and systems are impaired, thereby more iron The body will spend time trying to recover.

The hemoglobin level will return to normal faster if you add pomegranate, beef and dried apricots to the menu. Medicinal iron-containing preparations such as Ferrum Lek, Sorbifer, Totema and others will also help.

The rate at which antibiotics are eliminated from the body is affected by its form, group and method of administration. Many injectable drugs are eliminated from the body within 8 - 12 hours after the last injection. Suspensions and tablets act in the body for 12 – 24 hours. The body is fully restored only after 3 months after treatment.

IMPORTANT: How long the drug will remain in the body depends on the age and condition of the patient. The elimination of antibiotics slows down in people suffering from diseases of the liver, genitourinary system, kidneys, as well as in young children.

To remove the antibiotic as soon as possible, you must:

• drink plenty of water and herbal teas
• restore liver function with medications
• use probiotics
• eat enough dairy products

How to cleanse and restore the body after antibiotics?

After finishing taking antibiotics, you need to take care of the body’s recovery. If this is not done, a new disease may develop soon.

First of all, in order to exclude conditions favorable for the development of pathogenic flora, a diet should be organized. To do this, you need to remove confectionery and bakery products, sugar, and potatoes from your diet. Replace milk with fermented milk products containing bifidobacteria. They adhere to this diet for about 3 months.

Together with dietary nutrition recovery of the body is facilitated by taking immunomodulatory drugs, vitamin complexes and bacteriophages that suppress pathogenic flora.

Only an integrated approach can give a lasting positive result in solving the problem of cleansing and restoring the body after antibiotics.

Video: What happens after antibiotics?